Block 6 Flashcards
What are the issues associated with classifying mental health problems?
Complexity
Aetiology
Thresholds
What is the PHQ-9?
Depression questionnaire
Monitors disease severity and response to treatment
What is the GAD-7?
Generalised anxiety questionnaire
Screening tool
What is the predominant mental health problem worldwide?
Depression
Are women or men more likely to be affected by common mental disorders?
Women
True or false - 1 in 6 people have a common mental disorder
True
Name the 4 stages of care pathways set out by NICE guidelines
Stage 1: recognition, assessment and initial management
Stage 2: psychological interventions (primary care)
Stage 3: higher intensity therapy and drug interventions (primary care)
Stage 4: secondary care involvement if patient is at risk or shown no improvement
How can mental health be measured at a population level?
Gathering existing data
Biological measurements
Diagnostic interviews (gold standard)
Screening assessment tools
Name of theories of health belief
Attribution theory - how the social perceived uses information to arrive at causal explanations.
Locus of control - the extent to which people can control their lives. Internal vs external factors. Behavioural and cognitive control.
Self-efficacy - self-belief. Can be changes via role models and practice/rehearsal.
Leventhal’s model of illness representation. Individuals interpretation of their illness.
Name the predictors of health belief
Health belief model - an individuals willingness to change their health behaviour is due to their health perceptions.
Theory of planned behaviour - links belief to behaviours. Attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control, together shape an individual’s behavioural intentions.
Stages of change model - move through different stages when changing our behaviour.
Describe the stages of change model
- Pre-contemplative
- Contemplative
- Determination
- Active change
- Maintenance
- Relapse
What are medically unexplained symptoms?
Physical symptoms that are not explained by organic disease. Linked to psychological factors and are not deliberately produced.
What is illness behaviour?
The way in which symptoms may be differently perceived, evaluated and acted upon
Give examples of abnormal illness behaviour
Illness denial
Illness affirmation
What are the reasons for medically unexplained symptoms?
Reduce sigma of mental illness
Assume the sick role
Decrease internal emotional conflict
What are the causes of medically unexplained symptoms?
Emotional currency
Abnormal attachment
Childhood factors (repeated neglect, attention when ill, in adulthood instead of accessing psychological support they manifest in physical symptoms)
Cognitive (over interpreting symptoms, symptom catastrophising)
Define grief
The intense sorrow/emotional response to loss e.g. death
Name types of grief reactions
Affective, cognitive, behavioural, physiological/somatic, immunological/endocrine
The moment grief is expressed is called…
Mourning
Name the 5 stages of grief
Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
Can be other emotions in response to grief
Emotional avoidance is a coping strategy
Give examples of complicated grief
Chronic grief
Inhibited/delayed grief
True or false - grief cannot occur before death
False - grief can occur before death e.g. for the chronically ill
Define stigma
Discrimination against a person due to any physical/behavioural attribute which is negatively valued, leading to a person being regarded as unacceptable or inferior. Stigma is a social process.
Describe the process of stigmatisation
Labelling - label individuals due to differences
Stereotyping - labels are attributed characteristics
Othering - distinguishing normal/abnormal
Stigmatisation - devalued, marked/identified
Discrimination - stigmatisation is reinforced through legislation or other structural conditions
Describe the response to stigmatisation
Passing - passing oneself off without acknowledging symptoms
Covering - avoiding situations, decreasing visibility
Withdrawal from social life
Resisting stigmatisation
Are men or women more likely to suffer with psychosis?
Men
Women more likely to suffer with neurosis
Are men or women more likely to commit suicide?
Men
Name the social and environmental factors that increase the risk of mental ill health
Childhood poverty Social inequality Early separation from patents Childhood abuse Bullying Stress
Name the 2 types of severe mental illness
Schizophrenia
Bipolar
True or false - decreased life expectancy for individuals with schizophrenia
True
Which physical health problems are individuals with severe mental illness twice as likely to experience?
Obesity
T2D
COPD
Describe the causes of poor health in patients with severe mental health illness
Unemployment & poverty
Lack of support
Side effects of medication e.g. weight gain from antipsychotics
Stigma & isolation
Diagnostic overshadowing
Increase in behaviours that pose a risk to health e.g. SMOKING
Describe the intervention of bespoke smoking cessation
Nicotine replacement therapy and behavioural/psychological support
Mental health practitioners training in smoking cessation
Increases individuals chance of quitting
