Block 3

Question 1

What are 3 types of medical decisions?

Answer 1

Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment

Question 2

What is the hypothetico-deductive model?

Answer 2

Seeking evidence to disprove your hypothesis

Question 3

What is a meta-analysis?

Answer 3

Analysis of data from multiple studies that are collectively used to give a statistical answer

Question 4

What type of study design would be used to test the effectiveness of a treatment?

Answer 4

RCT

Question 5

What type of study designs would be used to test for cause and prognosis of a disease?

Answer 5

Cohort

Case-control

Question 6

What is self-medication?

Answer 6

The ability to select and use medication to treat self-recognised illness or symptoms.
It is a part of self-care: individuals taking responsibility for their own health and well-being.

Question 7

Name the 3 classifications for medicines

Answer 7

Prescription-only medicine
Pharmacy
General sales list

Question 8

What is over the counter (OTC) medicines?

Answer 8

Can be purchased without a prescription

General sales and pharmacy

Question 9

What is the name of drugs that are only hospital initiated and controlled?

Answer 9

Red drugs

Question 10

Who licenses and regulates drugs?

Answer 10

Medicines & Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA)

Question 11

What does the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 do?

Answer 11

Regulates controlled medication

Schedule 2 controlled drugs have a much higher regulation than schedule 5 controlled drugs

Question 12

What are prescription-only medicines?

Answer 12

Has to be prescribed by a doctor or other authorised healthcare professionals
Dispensed from a pharmacy or licensed place
Anything that requires an injection or can cause direct/indirect danger to human health if used without medical supervision

Question 13

What is the null hypothesis (H0)?

Answer 13

No difference between the 2 groups

Question 14

What is the alternative hypothesis (H1)?

Answer 14

There is a difference between the 2 groups

Question 15

p<0.05

Answer 15

Reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis
Strong evidence against the null hypothesis
The difference observed between the groups is statistically significant

Question 16

p>0.05

Answer 16

Accept the null hypothesis/fail to reject it
Weak evidence against the null
No difference between the groups

Question 17

What type of error is it when the null hypothesis is true but is rejected?

Answer 17

Type 1/false positive error

Question 18

What type of error is it when the null hypothesis is false but is accepted?

Answer 18

Type 2/false negative error

Question 19

Name the 2 types of error that can impact the p-value

Answer 19

Random error - variability in the data that isn’t readily explained. Increasing sample size can reduce the impact of random error.
Systematic error - type of bias and can alter the observed association. Increasing sample size has no effect on systematic bias.