Block 5 Exam Flashcards
What are the 3 Main Levels of Automation?
- Hand Flying
- Flight Directors (autopilot commands)
- Flight Management System/Computer (FMS)
How do crews become task saturated in flight?
- When they attempt to operate at a Level of Automation that’s too high for the rapid change in flight path
- YOU must drop a Level of Automation
What are the 3 Segments of GPS?
- Space (Satellites)
- Control (Ground-Stations)
- User (Aircraft)
What requirements are there for flying IFR with GPS as the main NAVAID?
- Any Non-WAAS GPS must be equipped with RAIM
- WAAS GPS must meet standards
- MUST CHECK NOTAMs prior to IFR flight
- Must have an approved ALTERNATE means of navigation appropriate to flight
What are the 3 different CDI sensitivities with GPS navigation? When do they automatically activate?
- En-Route (30nm+ from destination) = 2nm full scale deflection either side
- Terminal (~30nm TO/FR) = 1nm full scale deflection either side
- Approach (Past Final Approach WP) = 0.3nm full scale deflection either side
How many satellites are there in orbit? In theory how many should be accessible at any given location?
- 30 Satellites
2. 6 Satellites
How do Satellites determine a/c location?
Line of Position!
- Signals from several satellites intersect at the a/c and then are able to triangulate location
What is RAIM? How many satellites does it need?
- RECEIVER Autonomous Integrity Monitoring
2. 5 to detect a bad signal, 6 to kick it out and replace it
What are the advantages of GPS navigation?
- Cheap
- Available 24/7
- Unlimited # of users
- Extremely Accurate
What makes up the major Control Segments of GPS?
- Monitors and Adjusts satellite performance
- 6 Monitoring Stations across the world (Master control sation in Colo. Springs)
- 4 Ground Antennas across the world
What are the requirements for the Airborne Segment of GPS?
- Must be INSTALLED in a/c
- Must meet IFR operation standards (RAIM or WAAS equipped)
How does GPS function to locate a/c?
- Transmits codes on 2 frequencies (Status Message and Pseudo Random Code)
- Receiver measures Travel Time and satellite position to determine Altitude
- Triangulation determines lat/long
What 3 things does a Pseudo Random Code consist of?
- Course Acquisition
- PA Code/PPS precise positing service
- Speed (186,000 mps)
What are 3 errors of GPS?
- LINE OF SIGHT
- Space Weather (solar interference)
- Terrestrial interference/Jamming/Spoofing
What are some benefits of WAAS?
- Generates electronic glide path independent of ground equipment/barometric aiding
- Manual RAIM calculation not required
- Eliminate cold temperature affect
- Don’t need to install ground station (cheap)
What part of the world does WAAS cover?
North America only
What is the main difference between GPS and GBAS?
- Ground Based Augmentation System reference facility is on/near the airport being served
- Allows precise approaches to multiple runways w/ 1 station
What are the 4 components of LAAS?
- LAAS Ground Facility
- Reference Receiver
- VHF Transmitter
- GPS Satellites
- A/c equipment
What is NextGen?
- Umbrella term used to refer to the transformation of current systems to new technologies
What is ERAM?
- En-Route Automation Modernization
- It is the most important piece of NextGen integration on ATCs side!
What are the 2 main NextGen technologies impacting navigation?
- ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcasting)
2. PBN (Performance Based Navigation) - includes RNAV and RNP
How does ADS-B work?
- Airborne GPS receiver determine a/c location
- ADS-B equipment combines GPS with altitude, speed and course info
- Transmits info to other a/c and ground stations
- Can receive this info from other a/c (TIS-B) and staions (FIS-B) if equipped
What is UAT? How does it work?
- Universal Access Transceiver
1. Sends/receives aircraft info
2. Cessna = GDL90
3. Your a/c is assigned an ID
When ADS-B is mandated, where will ADS-B OUT be required?
- Class A, B, C
- Class E above 10,000’
What is PBN and what are the 2 types?
- Performance Based Navigation
1. RNAV (Area Navigation)
2. RNP (Required Navigation Performance)
What are the 2 major components of RNP?
- On board Navigation Monitoring
- Crew Altering
- Always want actual nav performance (ANP) to be LESS than the RNP to remain within standards
What are the requirements for RNAV 2?
- Aircraft will be within 2 NM of desired course 95% of the time
- A/c will be w/in 4 NM (or 2x) the desired course 100% of the time
What are the advantages of PBN (RNAV and RNP)?
- EXTREME accuracy
- Improves efficiency in airspace and maintain spacing with radar
What is the difference between a TF and an RF?
TF = Track Fix (GPS direct routes) RF = Radius Fix (RNAVs flying an adjustable curve)
What is the highest Level of Automation?
The FMS (flight management system/computer)
What Control/Performance inputs would generate a -700ft/min and 90 knots with 10 degrees of flaps?
Power: 1750rpm
Attitude: -7 degrees
