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221 Ground School > Block 2 Exam > Flashcards

Block 2 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is variation?

A
  • The difference between “true” and magnetic North
  • Cannot be minimized
  • Remains the same regardless of a/c heading
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2
Q

What is deviation?

A
  • Magnetic fields from a/c electronics/wiring that cause the compasses reading to be off
  • Can be minimized by aligning plane on a compass rose and adjusting the compasses compensating magnets
  • Differs with a/c heading
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3
Q

What does the compass correction/deviation card tell us?

A
  • The errors in compass reading that could not be fixed when a/c was adjusted on a compass rose
  • Tells us the corrections that must be made to fly a certain Magnetic Heading
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4
Q

What is Northerly turning error?

A
  • When the magnetic compass initially “jumps ahead” of the a/c and the turn, giving a false heading
  • UNOS (undershoot north, overshoot south)
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5
Q

What is Southerly turning error?

A
  • When the magnetic compass initially “lags” behind the a/c and turn, giving a false heading
  • UNOS (undershoot north, overshoot south)
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6
Q

On what headings do Acceleration/Deceleration errors occur?

A

When flying on East and West headings! (A.N.D.S.)

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7
Q

If you began accelerating on an E/W heading, what error would the magnetic compass show?

A

The compass would indicate a turn to the North

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8
Q

If you began decelerating on an E/W heading, what error would the magnetic compass show?

A

The compass would indicate a turn to the South

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9
Q

What is oscillation error?

A

The result of all the other errors, and the swinging back and forth of the magnetic compass as it tries to line up

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10
Q

What are some characteristics of a Wet Vacuum Pump?

A
  • Steel vanes require lubrication (engine oil)

- More common for low flying a/c

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11
Q

What are some characteristics of a Dry Vacuum Pump?

A
  • Carbon vanes that are self-lubricating

- More common for high flying a/c

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12
Q

Characteristics of the Attitude Indicator?

A
  • Relies on rigidity
  • Vertical Spin Axis (allowing it to sense rotation about the a/cs lateral axis)
  • Double gimbal mount, allowing the gyro to remain fixed in space as the a/c pitches and rolls around it
  • Horizon disc, allowing gyro to remain on the same PLANE as the a/c
  • Has an Erection Mechanism used to correct the effects of precession induced by friction
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13
Q

Characteristics of the Heading Indicator?

A
  • Relies on rigidity
  • Horizontal Spin Axis (allowing it to sense rotation about the a/cs vertical axis)
  • Double gimbal mount
  • Not a North seeking instrument so it must be manually set
  • Air driven
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14
Q

Characteristics of the Turn-Slip Indicator?

A
  • Relies on Precession (a/c yawing creates force on horizontal plane causing gyro/gimbal to spin)
  • Shows relationship of inertia and gravity (Ball to the outside of the turn = increased inertia, ball to the inside of the turn = increased gravity)
  • Gyro axis is parallel to a/c lateral axis
  • Gimbal axis is parallel to a/c longitudinal axis (single gimbal mount)
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15
Q

Characteristics of the Turn Coordinator?

A
  • Relies on Precession
  • Shows relationship between bank angle and rate of yaw (Ball to the outside of the turn = SKIDDING, ball to the inside of the turn = SLIPPING)
  • Gimbal frame is angled 30 degrees up from longitudinal axis of a/c
  • Senses yaw and roll
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16
Q

What is an AHRS? How is it powered?

A
  • Attitude and Heading Reference System
  • ALL ELECTRICAL
  • 3 rate sensors, 3 accelerometers (Determines which way is level and which way is north by using inertial sensors, rate gyros, and magnetometers)
  • 2 axis tilt sensors
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17
Q

What is an ADC? What does it do?

A
  • Air Data Computer
  • Receives and processes pitot pressure, static pressure, and temperature
  • Outputs altitude, indicated AS, true AS, and air temp.
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18
Q

What is an HSI? What does it include?

A
  • Horizontal Situation Indicator
    1. Direction Indicator (magnetic compass)
    2. Course Deviation Bar (uses VOR/Localizer)
    3. Course Indication Arrow
    4. Glideslope Deviation Pointer
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19
Q

What does an Attitude Direction Indicator use to show attitude?

A

Combines gyro horizon with other instruments (such as HSI)

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20
Q

What would happen if the front of the pitot tube became blocked?

A

The ASI would drop to 0

21
Q

In a traditional 6-Pack, what instruments have gyroscopes?

A

Attitude Indicator, Heading indicator, Turn-Slip Indicator, Turn Coordinator

22
Q

What would happen to the Altimeter if the static port became blocked?

A

Altimeter be frozen at the altitude it was at when it became blocked.

23
Q

How would the VSI be affected if the static port became blocked?

A

The VSI would indicate 0 (level flight)

24
Q

What would happen if the front and back of the pitot tube became blocked?

A
  • The pressure inside would become trapped, therefore the ASI would remain frozen at whatever airspeed in level flight
  • ASI would increase if you entered a climb
  • ASI woud decrease if you entered a descent
    (acting like an altimeter)
25
Q

What would happen to the ASI if the static port became blocked?

A

The ASI would give inaccurate readings

26
Q

What powers the gyros?

A

Vacuum-driven: Uses suction/air pressure in vanes to maintain upright spinning parallel to ground
Electrically-driven: Uses electricity (only the Turn Coordinator in a standard 6-Pack)

27
Q

What instrument(s) would you lose on an EFIS (electronic flight instrument system) if the Magnetometer failed?

A

Loss of Heading indicator.

28
Q

What instrument(s) would you lose on an EFIS if the AHRS failed?

A

Screen background would go black…loss of horizon line and heading indicator.

29
Q

What instrument(s) would you lose on an EFIS if the ADC failed?

A

Loss of Altitude, ASI and VSI

30
Q

Will the EFIS display anything if there is a pitot/static blockage?

A

No, the EFIS does not monitor the pitot/static probes/ports so it will not recognize a blockage

31
Q

What does the STBY Battery in our C172s power?

A

The Essential Bus:

  • ADC/AHRS
  • PFD
  • Nav 1 (engine/airframe, Ess. Bus voltometer)
  • Com 1
  • STBY indicator lights
32
Q

How long will the SBTY Battery last?

A

At least 30 minutes

33
Q

When will the STBY Battery start powering things?

A

When M BUS Volts drops below 20

34
Q

What is Equivalent Airspeed?

A

CAS corrected for compression effects (due to high speeds causing packing of air in pitot tube, usually above 10,000’)

35
Q

What is Indicated Altitude?

A

Accounts for pressure, but not temperature.??

36
Q

What instruments rely on Precession?

A

Turn-Slip Indicator, Turn Coordinator

37
Q

What instruments rely on Rigidity in space?

A

Attitude Indicator, Heading Indicator

38
Q

What is Absolute Altitude?

A

Height above the ground (AGL)

39
Q

What is Pressure Altitdue?

A

Height above the standard datum (29.92” Hg)

40
Q

What does the pitot probe measure?

A

RAM/Dynamic pressure

41
Q

What happens to IAS as altitude increases?

A
  • IAS decreases with altitude due to decreased pressure in the atmosphere (remember your cute example that sucked)
42
Q

What is TAS?

A

True Airspeed, corrected for non-standard temperature and pressure.

43
Q

How does the Altimeter work?

A
  • Standard temp. and pressure is sealed inside wafers of altimeter
  • Wafers EXPAND when climbing because air moves out
  • Wafers COMPRESS when descending because air move in
44
Q

What would happen if you flew from an area of lower pressure to an area of higher pressure without changing you altimeter?

A

You would be flying HIGHER than is indicated

45
Q

What would most likely happen if you flew from an area with a hot temperature to an area with a colder temperature?

A

You would be flying LOWER than you were before

46
Q

In a standard 6-Pack, what instruments operate on electricity?

A

Just the Turn Coordinator

47
Q

What is rigidity in space?

A

When spinning at high speeds, gyros will resist tilting/turning in any direction other than around its spin axis

48
Q

What is precession?

A
  • The “rolling over” proportionate to the rate of the a/c’s rotation
  • Any force is “felt” 90 degrees ahead of where it was originally applied

221 Ground School (6 decks)

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