Block 3 - Vasculature

Question 1

what is angiogenesis

Answer 1

formation of new vasculature proportional to metabolic need

Question 2

what are the three layers of the artery wall

Answer 2

tunica externa, tunica media, tunica interna

Question 3

what does the tunica externa contain

Answer 3

elastin - flexible protein
collagen - structural support

Question 4

what is the function of the tunica externa

Answer 4

support, protection

Question 5

what are the two parts of the tunica media

Answer 5

external elastic lamina, smooth muscle

Question 6

what is the function of the external elastic lamina of the tunica media

Answer 6

source of elasticity, resist BP by expanding, propel blood by contracting

Question 7

what is the function of the smooth muscle of the tunica media

Answer 7

vascular control of lumen size under autonomic innervation

Question 8

what are the two parts of the tunica interna

Answer 8

internal elastic lamina, endothelium and basement membrane

Question 9

what is the function of the internal elastic lamina of the tunica interna

Answer 9

elasticity

Question 10

what is the function of the endothelium and basement membrane of the tunica interna

Answer 10

maintenance of blood flow into capillaries, smooth path to reduce blood turbulance

Question 11

what are the two types of arteries

Answer 11

elastic / conducting and muscular / distributing

Question 12

what are the relevant clinical features of elastic arteries and their function

Answer 12

largest, well defined elastic laminae, expand to absorb BP, contract as kinetic energy to propel blood, reduced workload of the heart

Question 13

what are the relevant clinical features of muscular arteries and their function

Answer 13

thick muscular tunica media, tight control over lumen size, walls 25% of diameter, function to control vascular tone

Question 14

what are arterioles, their function, and clinically relevant features

Answer 14

from arteries to arterioles to capillaries

resistance vessels, robust tunica media with walls mostly smooth muscle and 50% of their diameter, under autonomic innervation

Question 15

what type of vessel has the most control over resistance / blood pressure

Answer 15

arterioles

Question 16

what are capillaries, their function, and clinically relevant features

Answer 16

arterioles feed into capillaries which converge into venules

exchange vessels, transfer of materials between blood and tissues, permeable, simple structure with only tunica interna, very small diameter

Question 17

what feature of arteries is not present in veins

Answer 17

elastic laminae

Question 18

what are the three layers of the vein wall

Answer 18

tunica externa, tunica media, tunica interna

Question 19

what are clinically relevant differences between artery and vein structure

Answer 19

veins have less smooth muscle, no elastic laminae, thin walls with little support kept patent by blood pressure

Question 20

why is BP low in veins

Answer 20

veins collect blood furthest from heart / origin of pressure, not muscle smooth muscle

Question 21

what layer of the vein wall makes the valves

Answer 21

tunica interna

Question 22

what facilitates flow through veins

Answer 22

muscle milking - muscle contraction squeezes vein to force blood through

respiratory milking - respiratory pressure exerted on veins

vanae comitantes - veins which wrap around arteries, arterial pressure exerted on veins

Question 23

which veins are included in the great vessels

Answer 23

ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk (pulmonary aa), venae cavau (superior and inferior), pulmonary vv

Question 24

what are the two main branches of the ascending aorta

Answer 24

R coronary a, L coronary a

Question 25

what, generally, do the R and L coronary aa supply

Answer 25

heart wall

Question 26

what are the three branches of the arch of the aorta

Answer 26

brachiocephalic trunk (right common carotid a, right subclav a) left common carotid a left subclav a

Question 27

what, generally, does the arch of the aorta supply

Answer 27

upper limbs, neck, head, thoracic wall

Question 28

at what spinal cord level does the descending aorta begin

Answer 28

T3

Question 29

what are the visceral and parietal brs of the descending aorta

Answer 29

visceral: bronchial aa (posterior), pericardial aa (anterior), mediastinal aa (anterior), esophageal aa (posterior parietal: posterior intercostal aa 3-11, subcostal aa

Question 30

what does the bronchial aa supply

Answer 30

main bronchi

Question 31

what does the percardial aa supply

Answer 31

posterior pericardium

Question 32

where does the common carotid a run and generally supply

Answer 32

ascend the lateral neck, deep to SCM m within carotid sheath, supplied head and neck

Question 33

what does the common carotid bifurcate into

Answer 33

internal and external carotid a

Question 34

where is the carotid sinus located and what is its main function

Answer 34

internal carotid a, blood pressure detector

Question 35

what does the internal carotid a supply

Answer 35

cranial cavity and brain, orbit, forehead

Question 36

what does the external carotid a supply

Answer 36

superior neck, superficial face, deep face, scalp

Question 37

what does the external carotid branch into

Answer 37

superior thyroid a, ascending pharyngeal a, lingual a, facial a, occipital a, posterior auricular a, maxillary a, superficial temporal a

Question 38

what are the terminal br of the external carotid a

Answer 38

maxillary a, superficial temporal a

Question 39

where does the internal carotid a enter the cranial cavity

Answer 39

carotid canalw

Question 40

what are the two main arterial suppliers of the cranial cavity and what regions do they supply

Answer 40

internal carotid a from common carotid a supplies anterior regions of brain vertebral a from 1st part of subclavian a supplies posterior regions of brain

Question 41

how does the vertebral a enter the cranium

Answer 41

through transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae and enter skull through foramen magnum

Question 42

what are the branches of the internal carotid a

Answer 42

ophthalmic a, middle cerebral, anterior cerebral, anterior / posterior communicating aa

Question 43

what are the branches of the vertebral a

Answer 43

posterior inferior cerebellar a (PICA), basillar a, posterior cerebral a

Question 44

what are the branches of the basillar a

Answer 44

anterior inferior cerebellar a (AICA), superior cerebellar a

Question 45

what does the subclavian a supply

Answer 45

neck, supper limb, portions of anterior thoracic wall

Question 46

where does the subclavian a originate

Answer 46

R: brachiocephalic trunk L: arch of aorta

Question 47

what muscle divides the subclavian a into three parts

Answer 47

anterior scalene m

Question 48

what are the brs of each part of the subclavian a

Answer 48

1st: vertebral a, internal thoracic a, thyrocervical trunk 2nd: costocervical trunk 3rd: dorsal scapular

Question 49

where does the axillary a arise from and what does it become

Answer 49

continuation of subclav a at the 1st rib, brachial a at lateral border of teres major m

Question 50

what does the axillary a supply

Answer 50

thoracic wall, shoulder, scapular region

Question 51

where does the brachial a arise from and what does it branch to and become

Answer 51

arise from axillary a at teres major, branches to deep brachial a of the arm, divides into ulnar and radial a at the cubital fossa

Question 52

how do the radial and ulnar aa run

Answer 52

radial: lateral / thumb ulnar: medial / pinky

Question 53

where do the deep and superficial palmar arches arise from

Answer 53

deep: radial superficial: ulnar

Question 54

where do the radial and ulnar aa anastomose

Answer 54

through palmar arches

Question 55

what is the aortic hiatus

Answer 55

opening in diaphragm for aorta at T12

Question 56

what does the abdominal aorta supply

Answer 56

GI tract, other abdominal organs, abdominal walls

Question 57

what does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into and at what level

Answer 57

R and L common iliac at L4

Question 58

what are the anterior branches of the abdominal aorta

Answer 58

celiac trunk, superior mesenteric a, interior mesenteric a

Question 59

what are the lateral branches of the abdominal aorta

Answer 59

midder suprarenal aa, renal aa, gonadal aa

Question 60

what are the posterolateral branches of the abdominal aorta

Answer 60

inferior phrenic aa, lumbar aa

Question 61

what broad regions do the anterior branches of the abdominal aorta supply

Answer 61

GI tract, liver, spleen, pancreas, appendix

Question 62

what broad regions do the lateral branches of the abdominal aorta supply

Answer 62

kidneys, suprarenal glands, gonads

Question 63

what broad regions do the posterolateral branches of the abdominal aorta supply

Answer 63

body wall

Question 64

what are the branches of the celiac trunk

Answer 64

left gastric a, splenic, common haptic a

Question 65

what does the left gastric a supply

Answer 65

left side of lesser curvature of stomach

Question 66

what does the splenic a supply

Answer 66

spleen

Question 67

what does the splenic a branch into and what does it supply

Answer 67

L gastro-omental a, greater curvature of stomach L and omentum

Question 68

explain the branching pattern of the common hapatic a

Answer 68

R gastic a gastroduodenal a: R gastro-omental a, superior panreaticoduodenal a hepatic artery proper: L hepatic a, R hepatic a (cystic a)

Question 69

what does the cystic a supply

Answer 69

gallbladder

Question 70

what are the branches of the superior mesenteric a

Answer 70

inferior pancreaticoduodenal a, intestinal aa, colic arteries, marginal a

Question 71

what are the two branches of the intestinal aa

Answer 71

jejunal aa, ileal aa

Question 72

what are the three colic arteries

Answer 72

iliocolic, right colic, middle colic

Question 73

what are the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery

Answer 73

left colic aa, sigmoid aa, superior rectal a, marginal a

Question 74

what is the significance of the marginal a

Answer 74

anastomosing point between superior and inferior mesenteric aa and all of the colic aa

Question 75

what does the common iliac a branch into and where do those branches run

Answer 75

internal iliac (into pelvis) external iliac (external to pelvis)

Question 76

what does the internal iliac a supply

Answer 76

pelvic viscera, perineum, external genitalia

Question 77

what does the external iliac a supply

Answer 77

interior anterior abdominal wall, hip, lower limb

Question 78

what does the femoral a arise from and branch into

Answer 78

external iliac at inguinal ligament, becomes popliteal at adductor hiatus

Question 79

what are the branches of the femoral a and what do they supply

Answer 79

deep thigh

Question 80

what does the popliteal a arise from and branch into

Answer 80

femoral ligament at adductor hiatus, becomes anterior and posterior tibial a at popliteal fossa

Question 81

what are the branches of the popliteal a and what is their purpose

Answer 81

genicular aa, anastomosing branches the surround knee joint to maintain blood flow

Question 82

what does the anterior tibial a supply and branch into

Answer 82

muscular branches to lateral leg compartment dorsalis plant a, deep plantar a supplying dorsum and sole of foot

Question 83

what does the anterior tibial a supply and branch into

Answer 83

fibular a - lateral leg medial plantar a - medial sole of foot lateral plantar a - lateral sole of foot plantar arterial arch

Question 84

where does the pulmonary trunk receive blood from and send blood to

Answer 84

from RV to pulmonary aa to lungs

Question 85

where does the pulmonary vv receive blood from and send blood to

Answer 85

from lung to LA

Question 86

where does the superior vena cava receive blood from and send blood to

Answer 86

deO2 from head, neck, upper limbs, regions of thorax RA

Question 87

what do the brachiocephalic vv formed from and combine into

Answer 87

from: internal jugular and subclavian vv into: superior vena cava

Question 88

what forms the venous angle

Answer 88

brachiocephalic vv

Question 89

where does the brachiocephalic vv receive blood from and send blood to

Answer 89

deO2 blood from head, neck, upper limbs, regions of thorax and sends to SVC

Question 90

where does the internal jugular receive blood from

Answer 90

deO2 from head and neck

Question 91

where does the subclavian v receive blood from

Answer 91

deO2 from neck, thoracic wall, upper limb

Question 92

where does the external jugular v receive blood and where does it drain to

Answer 92

superficial neck into subclavian v

Question 93

which v drains blood from the upper arm into the subclavian v

Answer 93

axillary v

Question 94

which vv combine to form axillary v

Answer 94

cephalic, basilic, median cubital, brachial

Question 95

what is the caval opening of the diaphragm

Answer 95

where IVC leave diaphragm at T8

Question 96

where does the IVC empty to

Answer 96

RA

Question 97

what vv combine to form IVC

Answer 97

common iliac vv

Question 98

where does IVC receive venous return from (regions of body)

Answer 98

all regions below diaphragm

Question 99

what are the main tributaries of the IVC

Answer 99

common iliac vv, lumbar vv, gonadal vv, renal vv, suprarenal vv, inferior phrenic vv, hepatic vv

Question 100

how does venous drainage from the gonadal vv differ from R to L side

Answer 100

L drains into L renal, R drains to IVC

Question 101

how does venous drainage from the inferior phrenic vv differ from R to L side

Answer 101

L combines with L suprarenal and drains into L renal, R drains to IVC

Question 102

how does venous drainage from the suprarenal vv differ from R to L side

Answer 102

L combines with L inferior phrenic and drains into L renal, R drains to IVC

Question 103

the common iliac v is formed by the union of what

Answer 103

the internal and external iliac v

Question 104

where does the great saphenous v receive venous return from and where does it drain to

Answer 104

medial foot, ankle, calf, runs medial thigh, drains into femoral v

Question 105

where does the small saphenous v receive venous return from and where does it drain to

Answer 105

lateral posterior leg, runs posterior leg, drains into popliteal v

Question 106

what are the two venous systems of the abdomen

Answer 106

caval system, hepatic portal system

Question 107

where does the caval system drain to

Answer 107

IVC, from abdominopelvic viscera

Question 108

where does the hapatic portal system drain and why

Answer 108

specifically from GI tract / food we eat, drains to liver for processing

Question 109

where do the hepatic vv drain from and to

Answer 109

from liver to IVC

Question 110

what two v form the hepatic portal v

Answer 110

splenic v, superior mesenteric v

Question 111

what v does the splenic v receive drainage from

Answer 111

interior mesenteric v

Question 112

what tissue does the splenic v drain

Answer 112

foregut

Question 113

what tissue does the inferior mesenteric v drain

Answer 113

hindgut

Question 114

what tissue does the superior mesenteric v drain

Answer 114

midgut