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anatomy 403 - CRLU > Block 3 - Lymphatics > Flashcards

Block 3 - Lymphatics Flashcards

1
Q

what is reticular connective tissue

A

high cellular density tissue that contains large numbers of collagen fibers

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2
Q

what are the four elements of the lymphatic system

A

lymph, lymph vessels, lymphatic organs, red bone marrow

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3
Q

what are the main functions of the lymphatic system

A

fluid balance, fat absorption, immune response

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4
Q

what is lymph and what does it contain

A

clear-white fluid similar to blood plasma, components of blood plasma pass into interstitial fluid and lymph, interstitial fluid in a lymphatic vessel = lymph, contains water, lymphocytes, cellular debris, plasma proteins, and other cells

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5
Q

what is the function of lymph circulation

A

balancing blood volume by returning excess fluid from tissue to blood

naturally, capillary filtration > reabsorption, goal to get rate in = rate out

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6
Q

what is the function / properties of lymphatic capillaries

A

drain interstitial fluid, very permeable, unidirectional flow, unite to form lymph vessels

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7
Q

where are superficial lymph vessels located and what do they follow

A

just deep to skin, follow veins

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8
Q

where are deep lymph vessels located and what do they follow

A

around viscera, follow arteries

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9
Q

what are lymph nodes and where are they located

A

encapsulated masses of lymphatic tissue / lymphocytes (T cells / B cells), located at intervals along lymph vessels

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10
Q

describe the pathway of uniting from lymph capillaries to ducts

A

capillaries > vessels & nodes > trunks > ducts

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11
Q

where do lymph ducts drain to

A

into venous angles of internal jugular and sub clavian vv

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12
Q

the R lymphatic duct receives drainage from where

A

R upper limb, R upper chest, R neck, R head / face / shoulder

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13
Q

what is edema and what is its lymphatic cause

A

swelling, local or diffuse, filtration > reabsorption (lymphatic system not balancing

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14
Q

what is lymphedema

A

swelling specifically caused by lymphatic dysfunction

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15
Q

describe properties of the innate immune system

A

born with, non specific to pathogens, no memory, first line of defense

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16
Q

what are some ways the innate immune system reacts / protects

A

physical barriers - skin and mucosa

physiological response - fever and inflammation

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17
Q

describe properties of the aquired immune system

A

specific to a certain pathogen, memory, lymphocytes, previous exposure required to form specific response

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18
Q

what is the difference between humoral and cellular antibodies

A

humoral: works via antibodies (B cells)
cellular: works via cells (T cells)

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19
Q

what is an antigen

A

foreign substance that triggers the immune system

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20
Q

what is an antigen presenting cell

A

engulfs antigen and presents cell fragments of cell membrane

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21
Q

what are T helper cells

A

detect antigen fragments and signal to other cells ( T cytotoxic cells) to respond

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22
Q

what cell produces antibodies

A

plasma cells

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23
Q

what do T regulatory cells do

A

regulate T cell response / turn off response

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24
Q

what do T cytotoxic cells do

A

release chemicals to kill antigens

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25
what do antibodies
facilitate a specific immune response
26
what does HIV do
attacks T helper cells
27
what is the criteria for transition from HIV to AIDS
low number of T helper cells, opportunistic infections
28
what is stroma
supportive tissue of an organ
29
what are major histocompatibility complexes
a group of genes that code for proteins found on the surface of cells and help immune system recognize foreign substance
30
what is lamina propria
a thin layer of connective tissue that forms part of a mucous membrane
31
what happens at primary vs secondary lymphatic organs and tissues
primary: stem cells develop and mature to become immunocompetent secondary: where immune response is carried out
32
what are examples of primary lymphatic organs
red bone marrow and thymus
33
what are examples of secondary lymphatic organs
lymph nodes and nodules, spleen
34
what is the thymus
lymphatic organ where thymocyte selection occurs. bilobed, deep to sternum in mediastinum
35
what is in the cortex of the thymus
thymocutes, dendritic cells, macrophages
36
what process occurs in the cortex of the thymus
thymocyte selection and maturation
37
what is the difference between positive and negative thymocyte selection
positive: ensure appropriate response negative: prevents autoimmunity
38
what happens in the medulla of the thymus
surviving cells go to medulla, T cells are released
39
what is in the medulla of the thymus
mature T cells, increased amounts of dendritic cells and macrophages
40
describe the size of the thymus through life
maximum size at puberty then involution occurs where thymus is diminished and replaced by lymphatic tissue
41
what are lymph nodes and where do they receive lymph from
filter of lymph, bean shaped along lymph vessels, typically clustered. from afferent lymphatic vessels
42
describe the flow of lymph through a lymph node
flows through outer cortex sinuses and inner cortex sinuses and into medullary sinuses
43
what are lymphatic nodules
acapsular and aggregated collections of lymphatic tissue that can be diffuse or organized
44
what is MALT
mucosa associated lymphatic tissue, located in mucosa membranes
45
what is waldeyers ring of tonsils
MALT in the pharynx that anything inhaled or eaten passes by pharyngeal, tubal, palatine, lingual tonsils
46
what is the spleen
large mass of lymphatic tissue in the left upper abdomen
47
what happens in white pulp versus red pulp of the spleen
white: lymphocyte action / immune response red: cardiovascular in function, RBC removal, platelet sequestration, hemopoiesis in fetal development
48
what is tonsilitis
inflammation of the tonsils, most commonly seen palatine tonsils, viral
49
what is lymphadenopathy
disease of lymph nodes characterized by abnormal size or consistency
50
what is lymphadenitis
most common type of lymphadenopathy, enlarged painful inflamed
51
what is metastasis
spread of a disease
52
what is transcoelomic metastasis
spread along membrane or surface barrier
53
what is hematogenous metastasis
tumor cells spread through blood stream, typically venous
54
what is lymphogenoud metastasis
tumor cells spread through lymph system, eg carcinomas
55
describe the transition from capillaries to ducts and beyond in the lymphatic system
capillaries, vessels, nodes, trunks, ducts (R lymphatic duct and thoracic duct), drain into venous angles
56
what are the three lymphatic trunks
jugular, subclavian, bronchomediastinal
57
what is the cisterna chyli
beginning of the thoracic duct in the distal abdomen
58
trace the lymphatic drainage from the head and neck
waldeyers ring, superior (jugulodigastric) / inferior (supraclavicular) deep cervical nodes, jugular trunk duct superficial cervical nodes, subclavian trunk, duct
59
trace the lymphatic drainage from the thorax (pulmonary)
pulmonary nodes, bronchopulmonary nodes, inferior / superior tracheobronchial nodes, bronchomediastinal trunk, duct R lung to R duct, L lung to thoracic duct
60
trace the lymphatic drainage of the upper limb
deep lymphatics, axillary humeral nodes, axillary central nodes, axillary apical nodes, subclavian trunk, duct superficial lymphatics, axillary apical nodes, subclavian trunk, duct
61
trace the lymphatic drainage of the abdominopelvic cavity
external/internal iliac nodes, common iliac nodes, lateral aortic nodes and lumbar trunks, cisterna chyli celiac nodes / renal nodes / SMA nodes / IMA nodes, intestinal trunk, lateral aortic nodes and lumbar trunks, cisterna chyli
62
trace the lymphatic drainage of the abdominal wall
above umbilicus: lymphatics, axillary nodes below umbilicus: lymphatics, superficial inguinal nodes, deep inguinal nodes, external iliac nodes
63
trace the lymphatic drainage of the lower limb
lymph following superficial, lymph following deep, superficial inguinal nodes, deep inguinal nodes, external iliac nodes

anatomy 403 - CRLU (6 decks)

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