Block 3 - Blood Flashcards
1
Q
what is the extracellular matrix
A
structural support network of proteins and other components outside of cells
2
Q
what are extracellular fluids
A
any bodily fluid that exists outside of cells (incudes interstitial fluid and blood)
3
Q
what is glucose metabolism
A
a process that breaks down food to produce energy in the form of ATP; produces CO2 as a byproduct
4
Q
what are the 3 components of the cardiovascular system
A
heart, blood, vasculature
5
Q
what is the main purpose of the CVS
A
transports O2 and nutrients to and removes waste from metabolically active tissues
6
Q
what, generally, is the heart and its function
A
pump to drive circulation / push blood through the vasculature
7
Q
what, generally, is the vasculature and its function
A
vessels to transport blood; carries O2 blood and nutrients to the tissues of the body
8
Q
what, generally, is the blood and its makeup
A
liquid connective tissue made of cellular elements in an extracellular matrix
9
Q
what is a capillary bed
A
interwoven collection of small blood vessels
10
Q
how does blood deliver nutrients to the body (what are they exchanged through and where)
A
exchanges products with interstitial fluid which takes place at the capillary bed
11
Q
what are the 3 main functions of blood
A
transportation, regulation, protection
12
Q
what kinds of things does blood transport
A
gases (O2 from lungs to cells, CO2 from cells to lungs to be exhaled)
nutrients (processed in GI tract)
wastes (heat / waste products = metabolites)
hormones (from endocrine glands to a target)
13
Q
what is the purpose of blood regulation
A
maintain homeostasis in the body
14
Q
what does blood regulate
A
pH, temperature, water balance
15
Q
how does blood regulate temperature
A
water in blood plasma has cooling / heat absorbing properties; flow rate and proximity to skin affect heat removal
16
Q
how does blood regulate water balance
A
maintained through blood osmotic pressure: affects water content of cells through interaction of dissolved ions and proteins
17
Q
how does blood play a role in protection
A
clotting, immune (immune system partly exists within the blood through WBCs and blood proteins (antibodies))
18
Q
which is more viscous / dense: blood or water
A
blood
19
Q
what is the normal temp of blood
A
100.4f
20
Q
what color is blood
A
red when saturated w O2; purple when unsaturated w O2
21
Q
what percent of body weight is blood
A
8%
22
Q
what is the volume of blood in a typical person
A
4-6 L / 1.3 gallons
23
Q
what is the pH range of blood
A
7.35 - 7.45 / slightly basic
24
Q
what buffer resists changes in pH in the blood
A
carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer
25
what is le chatelier's principle and how does it relate to blood pH balance
if a dynamic equilibrium is disturbed by a change in conditions, position of equilibrium shifts to counteract this change and restore equilibrium
the carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer shifts to form more or less of each chemical to promote balance in the blood
26
what are the byproducts of the carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer and how are they cleared
CO2: when blood reaches the lungs CO2 evolves out of blood to alveoli where it can be exhaled
H+ and HCO3-: kidneys
27
is blood pH was too basic, how would the carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer response
reaction would shift towards the production of the intermediate weak acid carbonic acid and to the products bicarbonate ions and an H+ proton. increase in H+ in the blood makes it more acidic
28
is blood pH was too acidic, how would the carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer response
there would be too many H+ protons in the blood so the reaction would shift towards CO2 and H2O production (byproducts of glucose metabolism), excess CO2 produced would be exhaled
29
what are the two main parts of whole blood
blood plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%)
30
what are the main components of blood plasma
water, proteins, solutes
31
what are the main proteins in the plasma in order from most to least abundant
albumins, globulins, fibrinogens
32
what is the function of albumins
plasma protein, transport mechanism and maintains colloidal osmotic pressure in blood
33
what is the function of globulins
plasma protein, immunity (immunoglobulins = antibodies)
34
what is the function of fibrinogens
plasma protein, clotting
35
what are the main 3 formed elements in whole blood
red blood cells (RBCs, erythrocytes), platelets (thrombocytes), white blood cells (WBCs, leukocytes)
36
What are formed elements in whole blood, generally
cells and cell fragments more dense than plasma
37
what elements of the blood function in protection
fibrinogens, globulins, leukocytes, thrombocytes
38
what are pluripotent stem cells
a type of stem cell that exist during embryonic development and gives rise to all cells of body tissues
39
what are cytokines
broad category of regulatory substances that play an important role in modulating the immune system
40
What is the main function of RBCs
gas transportation (O2)
41
what is the main function of platelets
clotting
42
what is the main function of WBCs
immunity
43
name 5 types of WBCs
neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils
44
what is a blood smear and what is it used for
smeared blood stained to visualize and differential between cell types under a light microscope
45
what types of things can a blood smear analyze
CBC, size shape types of cells present, relative abundances, parasites
46
what does it mean to be microcytic
abnormally small (as a blood cell)
47
what does it mean to be normocytic
normal size (as a blood cell)
48
what does it mean to be macrocytic
abnormally large (as a blood cell)
49
what is hemopoiesis
blood cell formation
50
what two types of cells do pluripotent stem cells differentiate into
myeloid and lympoid stem cells through hemopoiesis
51
where is the primary location of blood cell production in the first trimester of fetal development
yolk sac
52
where is the primary location of blood cell production in the second trimester of fetal development
liver, some in spleen
53
where is the primary location of blood cell production in the third trimester of fetal development
bone marrow
54
what is the primary blood cell producer from trimester 3 through postnatal life
bone marrow in spongey bone
55
at what stages in development do lymph nodes produce blood cells
starting in tri 2 through adulthood (20% in adult hood)
56
what is the difference between a -blast cell and a -cyte cell
blast = immature
cyte = mature
57
what formed elements do myeloid stem cells differentiate into
erythrocytes, platelets, granular leukocytes, monocytes (agranular)
58
what formed elements do lymphoid stem cells differentiate into
agranular leukocytes (minus monocytes)
59
whats the difference between a granular and an agranular leukocyte
granular contains granules which can be released to the cell to induce change
60
what are hemopoietic growth factors
regulate the proliferation and differentiation of formed elements of the blood
61
what are hemopoietic cytokines
growth factor that is key to stimulating growth and or development of blood formed elements
62
what are the four categories of hemopoietic cytokines
colony stimulating factors (CSFs), interleukins (ILs), erythropoietin (EPO), thrombopoietin (TPO)
63
how do cytokines respond to trauma
can increase in number rapidly, important for new cell generation quickly
64
what are colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and what do they do
growth factors which induce differentiation of myeloid stem cells into CFUs
65
what are interleukins (ILs) and what do they do
growth factors which are active during inflammation and immune response to increase production of WBCs
66
what are erythropoietin (EPO) and what do they do
growth factors which increase RBC production in response to low RBC count or low O2
67
what are thrombopoietin (TPO) and what do they do
growth factors increase production of platelets in response to cellular damage
68
name the 3 discussed hemoatological malignancies and their origin
leukemias - blood forming tissues and blood cells
lymphomas - lymphatic tissues
myelomas - bone marrow and plasma cells
69
what is a glycoprotein
protein that has a carbohydrate group attached to it
70
what are blood grouping based on
RBC surface antigens; two main categories of ABO and Rh
71
what is an antigen
molecule that generates antibodies
72
where do antibodies originate from
plasma cells
73
what is the purpose of antibodies
immune function, attacking threatening substances
74
what are paratopes
prongs on antibodies where they bind to antigens
75
what are anti a and anti b antibodies
bind to surface antigens in the ABO blood group
76
what are aglutinins
antibodies that attack by agglutination
77
what is agglutination
immune response: single antibody binds to multiple cells with similar antigens, cells agglutinate / form glob of RBCs, clumps cause problems in vasculature
78
type A blood has what antibodies and what antigens
a antigens, anti b antibody
79
type AB blood has what antibodies and what antigens
a and B antigens, no antibody
80
type O blood has what antibodies and what antigens
no antigens, anti a and anti b antibody
81
what blood type is the universal recipients, which is universal donor
AB recipient, O donor
82
if you have the D antigen are you Rh+ or Rh-
Rh+
83
what is hemolytic disease of the newborn
Rh- mother has Rh+ fetus, fetal blood leaks across the placenta and moms blood produces anti-d antibodies
second pregnancy with Rh- mother and Rh+ fetus, anti-D antibodies in moms blood leak across the placenta and cause agglutination in fetal blood
84
what is a biological pigment
organic compound that gives color to tissues and is involved in vital
85
what is cytosol
the aqueous component of the cytoplasm within the cell
86
what is the shape of an RBC and the purpose of that shape
biconcave disc
maintains surface area and thinness of the cell to increase cell carrying capacity by keeping volume and increase gas diffusion rate
87
compare the width of capillaries to the width of a RBC
one blood cell can flow at a time, 8 um RBC, 10 um capillary
88
what is the structure of RBCs and their primary function
anucleate, lack mitochondria, simple, no metabolic activites
function to transport gasses
89
what is hemoglobin and what does it do
O2 carrying protein in cytosol, gives red color to blood, transports gasses (CO2 and O2), maintains acid-base balance
90
what is anaerobic glycolysis and what is the RBC role in it
production of ATP without O2, RBC transport the O2 without using any of it
91
what is aerobic cellular respiration
ATP production with O2
92
what is the general path of O2 from inhalation through to tissues
inhaled through lungs to alveoli, transported to heart, transported to metabolically active tissue
93
what is hypoemia
low O2 in blood
94
describe hemoglobin structure
4 subunits per molecules each with a globin (2alpha 2 beta) and a heme with an iron ion at the center of the heme
95
where does O2 bind to a Hb
to the iron ion of each subunit, 4. possible binding sites
96
what is globin
protein portion of Hb, polypeptide chain
97
what is a heme
iron containing pigment of Hb
98
describe Hb affinity for O2
cooperative binding, as one O2 binds the binding affinity for O2 increases
high in lungs so that O2 readily binds to Hb for transportation, low in capillaries so that O2 readily releases into surrounding tissue
99
what is erythropoiesis
development of RBCs
100
describe the process of erythropoiesis
hypoxemia stimulates the release of erythropoietin (EPO) from the kidneys which induces division of proerythroblasts into erythroblasts which lose their nucleus to become reticulocytes which develop into a mature RBC
101
what is the biological idea behind blood doping
increasing the RBC count to increase the O2 carrying capacity
102
what is polycythemia and what are the associated risks
abnormally high RBC count, increased viscosity and blood pressure increases risk of heart attack and stroke
103
what are the two types of artificially induced polyceythemia
exogenously through injection of epoetin, naturally by traveling to high altitudes to increase RBCs due to hypoxemia
104
what is hematocrit
percentage of RBCs of total blood volume
105
what factors / events can affect hematocrit
changes in RBC count or plasma volume, hemmorhage, dehydration, menstruation
106
what is anemia
few RBCs in blood, reduced O2 carrying capacity of the blood, decreased hematocrit
107
what is sickle cell disease and some of the consequences
mutation of the beta globin causes sickling of RBC into rod like shape. RBCs rupture easier / break down prematurely, form clumps, anemia
108
what is the structure of WBCs
nucleus and organelles, no Hb
109
what are the categories of WBCs
granular vs agranular, phagocytic, mobility
110
what does it mean for a cell to be phagocytic
ability to engulf another cell or bacterium
111
what is emigration of a WBC
ability for WBC to move out of the bloodstream into the surrounding tissue by passing through the capillary wall
112
what is chemotaxis
emigration of cell towards a target chemical signal
113
are lymphocytes granular or agranular? what is the structure of their nucleus
agranular, large round nucleus
114
what are 3 types of lymphocytes
T cells, B cells, NK cells
115
what is acquired immunity and which cells are involved
acquired as body is exposed to pathogens, T cells and B cells
116
what is innate immunity and which cells are involved
born with, NK cells attack / destroy foreign bodies
117
are lymphocytes phagocytic
no
118
are monocytes agranular or granular? what is the shape of their nucleus
agranular, puffy kidney shaped
119
what are macrophages derived from
monocytes
120
whats the function of macrophages
phagocytic, fixed or wandering, immunity tissue repair, homeostasis
121
what are dendritic cells derived from
monocytes
122
what are dendritic cells and what is their function
antigen presenting cells, mediate immune response, pathogen broken down via phagocytosis, pathogen pieces presented on cell membrane to act as signal for immune response
123
what is a differential white blood count
percentages or each type of white blood cell present in a sample
124
what is leukocytosis
above normal WBC count
125
what is leukopenia
below normal WBC count
126
what does thrombopoietin (TPO) do and when is it released
induces myeloid stem cells to produce platelet precursor megaharyoblasts, released in response to vascular injury
127
describe the production of platelets beginning with myeloid stem cells
myeloid stem cells produce megakaryoblasts, transform into megakaryocytes, proplatelet extensions of megakaryocytes embed into arteries and splinter off due to blood flow to form platelets in blood
128
are platelets nucleate, do they contain granules
anucleate, contain granules
129
how are old platelets removed from the body
by macrophages
130
what are the two main functions of platelets
coagulation, immune response
131
what is another name for platelets
thrombocytes
132
describe the immune response from platelets
inflammation and antibacterial, secrete factors and proteins that help immune function
133
describe the formation of a blood clot
exposure of collagen attracts platelets to site of injury, platelets and fibrin webbing and trapped RBCs act to cork and assist in damage repair
134
what is fibrin
soluble protein that becomes insoluble protein threads when polymerized. forms webbing to form blood clot
