Block 3 - Respiratory Flashcards
1
Q
What is the naris
A
nostral / opening
2
Q
what is the nasal vestibule
A
space leading into the nasal cavity
3
Q
what makes up the superior nasal septum
A
ethmoid bone
4
Q
what makes up the posterior inferior nasal septum
A
vomer
5
Q
what makes up the anterior nasal septum
A
septal cartilage
6
Q
what are conchae and what is the purpose in the nasal cavity
A
bony structure, increase surface area of nasal cavity, protect openings of sinuses, direct air flow
7
Q
what are meastuses of nasal cavity and what is their purpose
A
inferior to concha, cover sinus
8
Q
which bones make up the conchae
A
superior / middle: ethmoid
inferior: own bone
9
Q
what is choanae
A
posterior boundary of nasal cavity, air exits through to pharynx
10
Q
what is the purpose of nasal mucosa
A
warm / moisten air, trap impurities
11
Q
what does the superior nasal meatus communicate with
A
posterior region of ethmoid air cells
12
Q
what does the middle nasal meatus communicate with
A
frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, middle region of ethmoid air cells
13
Q
what does the inferior nasal meatus communicate with
A
nasolacrimal duct
14
Q
what does nasolacrimal duct do
A
conducts tears from medial angle of eye to nasal cavity
15
Q
what are the two regions of the oral cavity
A
oral vestibule, oral cavity proper
16
Q
what is included in the oral vestibule
A
all of mouth between lips and teeth
17
Q
what are the palatoglossal folds
A
divide oral cavity from fosses
18
Q
what two structures is the parynx between
A
oral/nasal cavity and larynx
19
Q
what are the three regions of the pharynx
A
nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx
20
Q
what are the borders of the nasopharynx
A
choanae, soft palate
21
Q
what are the borders of the oropharynx
A
soft palete, paryngo-epiglottic fold and epitglottis, palatoglossal arch
22
Q
what are the borders of the laryngopharynx
A
paryngo-epiglottic fold and epitglottis, inferior margin of cricoid (C6)
23
Q
what are the two important structures in the nasopharynx
A
pharyngeal tonsil, pharyngotympanic tube
24
Q
what is the pharyngotympanic tube and its purpose
A
connects nasopharynx to middle ear, pressure equilization, middle ear drainage, passing pathogens
25
what are the important structures in the oropharynx
palatoglossal folds, palatine fossae & tonsild, palatopharyngeal folds, uvula, root of tongue, epiglottic valleculae
26
what tonsil is embedded in the root of the tongue
lingual
27
what are epiglottic valleculae and where are they found
between posterior root of tongue and anterior surface of epiglottis
spit traps which collect saliva to prevent constant swallowing
28
what region of the pharynx is the lingual tonsil in
oropharynx
29
what region of the pharynx is the pharyngeal tonsil in
nasopharynx
30
what region of the pharynx are the tubal tonsils in
nasopharynx
31
what region of the pharynx are the palatine tonsils in
oropharynx
32
what structurs are found in the laryngopharynx
epiglottis, largyngeal inlet, piriform recess, opening to esophagus
33
what are the main muscle groups of the muscle walls of the pharynx / larynx
pharyngeal constrictor mm, longitudinal mm
34
what is the action of the pharyngeal constrictor mm
superficial layer of 3 mm, serially constrict to narrow lumen of pharynx
35
what is the action of the longitudinal mm
deep layer of 3 mm, foreshorten widen and elevate larynx
36
what is the innervation of the muscle walls of the upper repiratory system
pharyngeal plexus
37
what nerves of the pharyngeal plexus serves the efferent motor
mostly vagus n brs, glossopharyngeal n serves stylopharyngeus m
38
what nerves of the pharyngeal plexus serves the afferent sensory
mostly glossopharyngeal n brs, maxillary n serves nasopharynx
39
describe the general pathway of the gag reflex
stimulus in oropharynx, CN IX, brain, CN X, response
40
what is the larynx and what is its general function
voicebox for passage of air form pharynx to trachea, houses vocal cords
41
describe the relative postition of the larynx
inferior to hyoid bone, proximal to trachea, anterior to laryngopharynx, C4-6 ish
42
what holds the larynx to the hyoid bone
thyrohyoid membrane
43
what holds the trachea to the larynx
cricotracheal ligament
44
what is the laryngoskeleton and what is it made of
cartilaginous skeleton of larynx made of hyaline cartilage
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
epiglottic cartilage
arytenoid cartilages
cornuculate cartilages
cuneiform cartilages
45
describe the location of the cricoid cartilage of the larynx
completely encircles, only complete ring around airway, inferior to thyroid cartilage
46
describe the relevant clinical features of thryoid cartilage of the larynx
laminae, superior and inferior horns, laryngeal prominence
47
describe the location of the epiglottic cartilage of the larynx
at midline encompassed by thyroid cartilage
48
what is the location and purpose of the arytenoid cartilages
atop posterior cricoid cartilage of larynx. highly kinetic to pivot and glide. vocal process for vocal ligaments, muscular process for intrinsic muscles
49
what is the purpose of the corniculate cartilages
extend reach of arytenoid cartilage
50
what is the purpose of the cuneiform cartilages
support aryepiglottal folds along laryngeal ligament
51
what is the boundary and function of the quadrangular membranes
between aryepoiglottic ligament andvestibular ligament, funnel air from pharynx to larynx
52
what is the boundary and function of conus elasticus
between vocal ligament and lateral / medial cricothyroid ligaments, funnel air out of trachea and up larynx through vocal folds
53
what is the rima vestibuli
between vestibular folds
54
what is rima glottidis
between vocal folds
55
what is laryngeal ventricle
space between rima vistibuli and rima glottidis
56
what is the infraglottic cavity
narrowing and continuing of the airway as the trachea
57
what is a cricothyrotomy
emergent airway access through median cricothyroid ligament
58
what is a tracheotomy
surgical intervention for long term care as incision through trachea superior to jugular notch
59
what is the general attachment and function of the extrinsic laryngeal mm
lengthen or shorten oro and laryngopharynx, attach to hyoid bone
60
what is the general attachment and function of the intrinsic laryngeal mm
attach to elements of laryngoskeleton, affect vocal ligaments by adducting/abducting and affecting tension
61
how does adduction and abduction of vocal ligaments affect things
add: phonation
abd: ventilation
62
how does tension of vocal ligaments affect things
higher tension is higher pitch
63
what is the action and innervation of the posterior crico-arytenoid mm
laterally pivot arytenoids to abduct vocal ligaments, pull arytenoids posteriorly (increase tension)
recurrent laryngeal nn
64
what is the action and innervation of the transverse and oblique arytenoid mm
adduct arytenoids and vocal ligs
recurrent laryngeal nn
65
what is the action and innervation of the lateral crico-arytenoid mm
medially pivot arytenoids to adduct vocal ligaments
recurrent laryngeal nn
66
what is the action and innervation of the thyro-arytenoid mm
protract arytenoids toward thyroid (decrease tension), adduct vocal ligs
recurrent laryngeal nn
bulk of vocal fold
67
what is the action and affect of the vocalis mm
adjacent to vocal ligs, increase lateral tension of ligs, affect timbre (character) and raise pitch
68
what is the action and innervation of the cricothyroid mm
anteriorly tips thyroid cartilage to lengthen and tense vocal cords (increase pitch)
external br superior laryngeal n
69
which arteries supply the larynx
superior thyroid a gives off superior laryngeal a
inferior thyroid a gives off inferior laryngeal a
70
what is the structure and function of the trachea
windpipe, bifurcates distally to primary bronchi at sternal angle
tracheal rings of hyaline cartilage incomplete posteriorly to accommodate esophageal expansion
71
what is the trachaelis m and what does it do
completes tracheal rings on posterior trachea, constricts trachea, under autonomic control
72
the trachea is attached to the larynx which ligament which attached it to what part of the larynx
cricotracheal ligament attaches to cricoid cartilage
73
what are pleurae
serous membranes of pulmonary cavities
74
what are the two layers of pleura
visceral inner layer, parietal outer layer / wall of pulmonary cavity
75
what is the pleural cavity
between layers of pleura contains fluid to reduce friction between layers
76
what are the subdivisions of the parietal pleura
diaphragmatic - adhered to diaphragm
costal - adhered to ribs / IC spaces
cervical - lines root of neck
mediastinal - medial wall adjacent to mediastinum
77
what are the lobes of the R and L lung
R: superior, middle, inferior
L: superior, inferior
78
what are the fissures of the lungs and what do they divide
oblique: inferior lobe from superior / medial
horizontal: superior from middle (R lung only)
79
what is the hilum of the lung
on medial surface, access point for entering / exiting things
80
what is the root of the lung
content that inserts into hilum
primary bronchus, pulmonary aa / vv
81
what are the unique surface landmarks of the L lung
cardiac notch: impression in parenchyma of lung left by heart
lingula: tongue like projection
82
describe the organization of the bronchial tree
trachea, primary bronchi, secondary, tertiary, bronchioles (conducting, terminal, respiratory)
83
what is the organization of primary secondary and tertiary bronchi and the lung / lobe / segment
1 primary per lung
1 secondary per lobe
1 tertiary per bronchopulmonary segment
84
describe the changes in bronchioles as they extend
hyaline cartilage starts to diminish and replaced w smooth muscle, respiratory zone has gas exchange
85
what happens to the bronchial tree during a sympathetic response
epinephrine release, smooth muscle contracts to flatten the vessels and expel air
86
what are bronchopulmonary segments
subdivisions of each lobe with own tertiary bronchus and vasculature
87
what is the main variation between bronchopulmonary segments of the R and L lobe
apical and posterior segments on R are one apicoposterior segment on L
88
what is the clinical significance of the superior segment of the inferior lobe
on posterior border of lungs, only posteriorly oriented tertiary bronchus
89
what is the difference between type I and II alveolar cells
type I: respiratory epithelium, main site for gas exhange
type II: secrete surfactant to decrease surface tension on alveolar walls and prevent collapse
90
what is the purpose of alveolar macrophages
remove debris from inhalation
91
describe the organization of respiratory bronchioles and alveolar features
respiratory bronchioles subdivide into alveolar ducts, end of duct has dilation called alveolar sac, sac has outpouches called alveoli
92
what is the relationship between pressure and volume and how does that relate to ventilation
pressure = 1/volume
as diaphragm contracts and flattens the volume of the thoracic cavity increases which creates a low pressure which helps air flow into lungs
93
what muscle is involved in relaxed ventilation
diaphragm
94
what muscles are involved in forceful inhalation
external intercostal, sternocleidomastoid, scalene, pectoralis minor
all increase volume of thoracic cavity
95
what muscles are involved in forceful exhalation
internal intercostal, abdominal
all decrease volume of thoracic cavity
96
what effects does smoking have on the respiratory system
nicotine deposits tar which restricts terminal broncioles, CO competitively binds to Hb so O2 can't bind as well, increased bronchial mucous production and mucosal edema, destroys elastic fibers of lungs, converts respiratory epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium
97
what is emphysema
alveolar wall destruction = loss of surface area for respiration as alveoli begin to combine
destruction of elastic capacity of lungs, lowered O2 blood saturation
