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Gross Anatomy > Block 3 Development > Flashcards

Block 3 Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the somatopleure?

The splanchnopleure?

A

Somatopleure = Superficial ectoderm + somatic mesoderm

Splanchnopleure = Endoderm + splanchnic mesoderm

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2
Q

The somatic layer of mesoderm forms the _____ layer of pleura, pericardium & peritoneum while the splanchnic layer forms the _____ layer.

A

Somatic - parietal (GSA)

Splanchnic - visceral (GVA)

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3
Q

What are the three coelomic/body cavities present after 4 weeks of development

A

Pericardial cavity

Peritoneal cavity

Pericardioperitoneal canals

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4
Q

The pericardial and peritoneal cavities are separates by the _____

A

Septum transversum

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5
Q

The pleura and pericardium are separated by the _____

A

Pleuro-pericardial membranes

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6
Q

The central tendon of the diaphragm arises from the _____

A

Septum transversum

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7
Q

The muscular component of the dorsal mesentery of the esophagus forms what part of the diaphragm?

A

The crura on either side of the aortic hiatus

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8
Q

The peripheral portions of the diaphragm are formed from _____

A

The abdominal (body wall)

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9
Q

What positionis the diaphragm at at 4 weeks? 6 weeks? 8 weeks?

A

4th week: Opposite 3rd, 4th, 5th cervical somites

6th week: Level of thoracic vertebrae

8th week: Level of L1

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10
Q

A congenital diaphragmatic hernia, forming a Foramen of Bochdalek, is a posterolateral defect resulting from the failure of _____.

A

Pleuroperitoneal membrane fusion

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11
Q

A severe consequence of a congenital diaphragmatic hernia is _____

A

Pulmonary hypoplasia (Not enough room for lung to develop properly)

Also causes mediastainal deviation (displacement of organs away from the hernia)

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12
Q

_____ is a condition where the esophagus ends as a blind tube. It results in polyhydramnios.

A

Esophageal atresia

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13
Q

_____ is a condition that results in a connection between the esophagus and trachea. This results in aspiration of fluid, and air in the stomach.

A

Esophageal fistula

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14
Q

A congenital hiatal hernia is the result of an _____. The esophagus will herniate through its hiatus.

A

Esophagus that is too short

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15
Q

The stomach forms from a dilation in the _____ in the 4th week.

A

Caudal part of foregut

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16
Q

The developing stomach is suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by _____

A

Dorsal mesentery (Dorsomesogastrum)

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17
Q

The dorsal part of the developing stomach will form the _____, while the ventral part will form the _____

A

Greater curvature

Lesser curvature

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18
Q

The 90 degree rotation of the stomach in development has what consequences?

Hint: there are four

A

Dorsal border moves to left side

Ventral border moves to right side

Left vagus nerve becomes anterior vagal trunk

Right vagus nerve becomes posterior vagal trunk

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19
Q

The dorsal mesentery of the stomach goes on to form the _____

A

Greater omentum

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20
Q

_____ is the result of a hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter. What giveaway symptom would be present in this condition?

A

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Projectile non-bilious vomiting

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21
Q

What gives the duodenum its characteristic C-shape?

A

90 degree rotation to the right in development

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22
Q

The first part of the duodenum is _____ while the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th part is _____

A

1st part - intraperitoneal

2nd, 3rd & 4th part - Secondary retroperitoneal

23
Q

Duodenal stenosis occurs when _____, while duodenal atresia occurs when _____

A

Stenosis - Duodenum doesn’t recanalize enough

Atresia - Duodenum doesn’t recanalize at all

24
Q

What kind of vomiting would you expect in duodenal stenosis or atresia?

A

Bilious vomiting (obstruction is distal to entrance of common bile duct)

25
Q

The liver develops from what embryonic structure?

A

Hepatic diverticulum

26
Q

The hepatic diverticulum is a ventral outgrowth of _____, will eventually form _____

A

Endoderm at caudal end of foregut

Hepatic cords

27
Q

The larger cranial portion of the hepatic diverticulum will form the _____, while the smaller caudal portion will form the _____

A

Cranial > Liver

Caudal - Gallbladder

28
Q

The stalk of the hepatic diverticulum will form the _____ and _____

A

Cystic duct

Common bile duct

29
Q

The majority of the UG system develops from _____

A

Intermediate mesoderm (of Swartz!)

30
Q

_____ arise from intermediate mesoderm and are longitudinal elevations along the dorsal body wall.

A

Nephrogenic cords

31
Q

The _____ is the initial stage of the kidney. It forms and disappears during the 4th week.

A

Pronephros

32
Q

The _____ is the second stage of the kidney. It is composed of mesonephric ducts and tubules.

A

Mesonephros

33
Q

Two parts of the mesonephros?

A

Mesonephric ducts and tubules

34
Q

The mesonephros empties into what embryologic structure?

A

Cloaca

35
Q

The _____ is a definitive kidney composed of two parts: the metanephric diverticulum and the metanephrogenic blastema. It is the third and last stage of the kidney.

A

Metanephros

36
Q

Two parts of the metanephros?

A

Metanephric diverticulum (ureteric bud) - “Collecting system”

Metanephrogenic blastema (metanephric mass) - “Excretory system”

37
Q

The nephron is composed of the renal corpuscle and convoluted tubules. These two parts arise from what part of the metanephros?

A

Metanephric blastema

38
Q

The uriniferous tubule is composed of a nephron and collecting tubules. From what part of the metanephros do these two structures arise?

A

Nephron - Metanephric blastema

Collecting tubules - Metanephric diverticulum

39
Q

The urorectal septum divides the cloaca into the _____ and _____

A

UG sinus

Anorectal canal

40
Q

As the urorectal septum continues to grow towards the cloacal membrane, is forms what three parts of the UG sinus?

A

Vesical part - Forms urinary bladder

Pelvic part - Prostatic & membranous urethra in male, entire urethra in female

Phallic part - Most of penile part of urethra in male (tip formed by invagination of ectoderm)

41
Q

_____ occurs when the ureteric bud fails to develop

A

Renal agenesis

Unilateral involves compensatory hypertrophy of other kidney

Bilateral results in oligohydramnios, is incompatible with life

42
Q

_____ results when the ureteric bud splits and develops two duct systems

A

Double ureters

43
Q

A _____ occurs when the inferior poles of the kidneys fuse

A

Horseshoe kidney

44
Q

The failure of mesoderm to develop between ectoderm and endoderm in the lower abdominal wall causes a failure of the abdominal wall to fuse. This is of what consequence to the bladder? What is this condition known as?

A

Anterior wall of bladder degenerates

Exstrophy of the bladder

45
Q

The adrenal cortex is derived from _____, while the adrenal medulla is derived from _____

A

Cortex - Mesoderm (mesenchyme)

Medulla - Ectoderm (NCC)

46
Q

What are the sole source of sex cells?

A

Primordial germ cells

47
Q

Primodial germ cells migrate to the _____. What would result if this migration were impeded?

A

Genital ridges

Would result in infertility

48
Q

The gonads are derived from what three sources?

A

Mesothelium (mesodermal epithelium) - lining posterior abdominal wall

Mesenchyme

Primordial germ cells

49
Q

In order for the medulla of the indifferent gonads to become testes, what two things must be present? What happens to the cortex of the indifferent gonads if these two things are present?

A

XY sex chromosome complement

Testis determining factor (TDF)

The cortex will regress (Male development)

50
Q

In male gonadal development, the primary sex cords will become _____. These will eventually go deeper and develop a coiled network called the _____

A

Seminiferous (Testicular/Medullary) Cords

Rete testis

51
Q

The seminiferous tubule is made up of what two cell types? What do these cells secrete? What does their secretion accomplish?

A

Primordial germ cells & Sertoli cells

They secrete anti-mullerian hormone, which destroys the paramesonephric ducts.

52
Q

Interstitial/Leydig cells secrete _____ and will form from _____

A

Testosterone

Mesenchyme

53
Q

What structure separates the testis cords from the superficial epithelium?

A

Tunica albuginea

Gross Anatomy (9 decks)

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