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Drug Action II > Block 2: Nutritional Status > Flashcards

Block 2: Nutritional Status Flashcards

1
Q

What is nutritional status?

A

The condition of the body with respect to the availability and use of nutrients

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2
Q

What are the dietary elements?

A

Proteins, fats, carb, vitamins, minerals

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3
Q

What is energy?

A

Measured in heat units called calories

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4
Q

What is the calorie and kcal?

A

Calorie: amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1 g of water by 1C
kcal: amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1 kg of water by 1C

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5
Q

How much energy is provided by dietary elements?

A

Proteins: provides 4 kcal/g
Fats: provides 9 kcal/g
Carbohydrates: provides 4 kcal/g (Dextrose nutritional bag: 3.4 kcal/g)
Alcohol: provides 7 kcal/g

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6
Q

What is metabolim?

A

Organized process by which nutrients are broken down, transformed, or otherwise converted into cellular energy

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7
Q

What is anabolism and catabolism?

A

Anabolism: phase of metabolic storage and synthesis of cell constituents
Catabolism: phase involving the breakdown of complex molecules into substances that can be used in the production of energy.

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8
Q

What are metabolites?

A

Chemical intermediates of both phases

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9
Q

How is body energy metabolized?

A

Energy can’t be stored as heat

Convert food components to chemical energy that CAN be stored or dissipated

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10
Q

Carbs, proteins, and fats are transformed into ___?

A

ATP: energy currecy of the cell

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11
Q

Decreased metabolic efficiency can increase/decrease energy ependitures?

A

Increase due to uncoupling of ATP synthesis with the mitochondria

Relivent to obesity and maintaining body warmth in newborns

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12
Q

How much body energy is stored in adipose tissue?

A

90%

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13
Q

What is the main source of stored fuel for the body?

A

Lipids

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14
Q

What are adipocytes?

A

Fat cells that cushion orgnas and metabolically active in the uptake, synthesis, storage, and mobilization of lipids

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15
Q

What are pre-adipocytes?

A

Immature adipocytes capable of dividing post natally resulting in fat deposition

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16
Q

What is lipodystrophy?

A

Excess loss of fat cells due to apoptosis of adipocytes

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17
Q

What is the difference between white fat and brown fat?

A

White fat: synthesize TGS from dietary fats and carbs
– Take up glucose in response to insulin
– TG’s breakdown when caloric intake is restricted

Brown fat: differs from white fat, and it’s thermogenic capacity, and its ability to produce heat
Dash higher concentration of specialized mitochondria

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18
Q

What is adipokines?

A

Exocrine and paracrine Oregon that secretes important factors

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19
Q

What factors do ADIPOKINES secrete?

A

– Leptin
– Cytokines: TNF alpha
– GF
– Adiponectin: for insulin resistance

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20
Q

What is leptin?

A

Acts on the hypothalamus (peripheral and CNS receptors) to decrease food intake and increase energy expenditure:
– Increase thermogenesis
– Glucose, metabolism, reproduction, and sexual maturation
– Interacts with HPA, thyroid and growth hormones

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21
Q

What is the function of hypothalamic leptin receptors?

A

Involved in appetite, food, intake, SNS activity, temperature regulation, and insulin resistance by the pancreatic beta cells

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22
Q

How does SNS activity affect BAT?

A

Increase SNS activity increases BAT → increase thermogenesis, and energy expenditures

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23
Q

What is leptin resistance?

A

Resulting in obesity, the failure to respond to high levels of leptin

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24
Q

What are the five mechanisms of thermogenesis?

A
  1. Basal metabolic rate.
  2. Diet induce thermogenesis.
  3. Exercise induced thermogenesis.
  4. Non-exercise activity thermogenesis.
  5. Thermogenesis in response to environmental conditions.
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25
Amount of energy used varies with what?
– Age – Body – Rate of growth – State of health
26
What is BMR?
Chemical reactions occurring when the body is at rest
27
What is the function of BMR?
Provides energy for maintaining thermogenesis, CV and respiratory function, and muscular tone
28
How is BMR measured?
Indirect calorimeter that measures persons use of oxygen
29
What is average BMR?
65 to 70 Cal/hr in males 5 to 10% lower in women 50 to 70% of body energy needs
30
How does BMR vary in different people?
Variations in skeletal muscle, mass and body size – BMR is corrected for body size – Progressively declines with age due to loss in muscle mass Skeletal muscles: 20 to 30%
31
What is resting energy equivalent or REE?
Predicts, energy expenditure
32
What is healthy or ill REE?
Healthy: REE x 1.2 Ill: REE x 1.5 (during repletion or during illness)
33
How is REE measured?
Indirect calorimetry
34
What is diet induced thermogenesis?
Energy used by the body for the digestion, absorption and assimilation of food after its ingestion
35
How many calories is expended buy diet induce, thermogenesis?
8%
36
What is the dynamic action of protein when it’s eaten?
Ingestion of high-protein meals increase metabolic rate by 30% lasting 3 to 12 hours
37
Energy expended from physical activity is determined by what?
– Type of activity performed – Length of participation – person’s weight, and physical fitness
38
What is non-exercise activity thermogenesis?
Exercise expended and maintain posture and in activities, such as fidgeting
39
How much energy is expended from NEAT?
7% People with increased NAT have less fat gain, then those with decreased
40
What are the types of environmentally regulated thermogenesis?
– Shivering in response to cold – Nonshivering thermogenesis Dash persistent caloric intake
41
What is the difference between shivering and nonshivering thermogenesis?
Shivering: produces heat through increased muscle activity Nonshivering: SNS activation from NE increase, causing broad fat to generate heat
42
How can persistent and excess caloric intake lead to thermogenesis?
Increased SMS activity triggers leptin to increase thermogenesis Energy production increase limits weight gain contributing to the rate of weight gain, or stabilization of overweight
43
What are the components of a set of nutrient-based reference values for DRIs?
– Recommended, dietary allowance – Estimated average requirement – Adequate intake – Tolerable, upper intake, level – Acceptable, macronutrient, distribution range
44
What is the purpose of DRI?
Used to advise people about the level of nutrient intake, needed to decrease the risk of chronic disease
45
Interactive tools, that calculate nutritional needs is based on what factors?
– Gender – Height – Weight – Age – Activity levels
46
What is recommended dietary allowance RDA?
Defined the intakes that meet the nutrient needs of almost all healthy people in a specific age in sex group RDA levels for carbs, but not fat (ADMR)
47
What is estimated average requirement E-A-R?
Intake that meets the estimated nutrient need of half of the people in a specific group
48
When is EAR used?
– Basis for developing RDA – Evaluates nutrient adequacy in specific groups
49
What does adequate intake AI?
Used when there’s not enough scientific evidence to estimate an average requirement Using observational and experimental data
50
What is tolerable upper intake level?
Maximum intake that is judged unlikely to pose a health risk in almost all healthy people in a specific group
51
What is the daily value?
Used on food and supplement label set by the FDA
52
What is the purpose of percent daily value?
Tells consumers what percentages of the daily value one serving of a food or supplement supplies
53
Caloric intake at birth?
115 kcal per KG
54
Caloric intake one year?
105 kcal per KG
55
Caloric intake for one to 10 years of age?
80 kcal per KG
56
Caloric intake for adolescence?
Boys: 45 kcal per KG Girls: 38 kcal per KG
57
Caloric intake for pregnancy and breast-feeding?
Pregnancy: extra 300 kcal KG per usual Breast-feeding: extra 500 kcal per KG above usual
58
What is the daily requirement for protein?
30 to 50 g
59
What is an essential amino acid?
Can’t be synthesized by the body and must be derived from diet
60
What is the daily caloric intake for proteins?
10 to 35%
61
What is Kwashiorkor?
Inadequate dietary proteins
62
What are the complete proteins foods?
Animal source: milk, eggs, meat, fish, poultry Vegetable source: quinoa Vegetable proteins: dried peas, beans, nuts, seeds, and grains
63
What is Marasmus?
Inadequate, calories and protein
64
What is the most concentrated energy source?
Fats
65
What is the fat AMDR?
20-35% of daily caloric intake
66
What is the cholesterol requirement per day?
300 mg
67
What is the function of cholesterol?
1. Hormone production 2. Metabolism of many vitamins 3. Nerve function 4. Cell permeability
68
What are the types of dietary fats? Difference?
**TGs** Saturated: 1. Elevate cholesterol 2. Animal sources 3. Solid at room temperature 4. Coconut and palm oil MUFA and PUFA: 1. Lower cholesterol 2. Plant oils 3. Liquid at room temp Trans FA: 1. Partially hydrogneated unsaturated FA (artificial) 2. Vegie shortening 3. Increase LDL 4. Decrease HDL 5. Naturally occuring are more beneficial
69
What is PUFA? Types?
Essential FA: 1. Omega-3 acids: alpha linoleic acid (cold water fish, walnuts, flax seeds) 2. Omega-6 acids: linoleic acid (seeds and nuts)
70
Decribe the function betweent omega 3 and 6?
Both contribute to bone: 1. 6: pormote inflammation, blood clotting, cell proliferation 2. 3: decrease functions Gamma linoleic acid promote inflammation
71
Descfribe what happens with omega deficiency?
Linoleic: Dermatitis Alpha-linoleic: treat inflammatory states -> deficiency causes poor growth and neurological abnormalities
72
What are the components of dietary carbs?
1. Simple sugars 2. Complex carbs 3. Indigestible carbs (fiber)
73
Daily requirement of carbs?
225-325 g/d day 45-65% of daily caloric intake
74
All of the body’s energy requirements can be met by ___ and ___?
Dietary fats and proteins
75
How does the nervous system require carbs?
1. GLucose as an energy source by conversion of amino acids and the glycerol part of the triglyceride molecule to glucose
76
What are the outcomes of a carb-def diet?
Ketosis: Increased metabolism of faats and protein increase production of osmotically active metabolic wastes (ketones) -> dehydration and electrolye imbalances
76
What are vitamins?
Organic compounds that act as catalysts in various chemical reactions but don't provide energy directly
77
What is the difference between fat and water soluble vitamins?
Fat: ADEK are stored in the body reachign toxic levels in greater amounts Water: B and C -> excreted in urine and less toxic
78

Drug Action II (28 decks)

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