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Drug Action II > Block 2: FA, AA, Minerals > Flashcards

Block 2: FA, AA, Minerals Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

Describe the structure of FA?

A
  1. Linear long-chain HC (aliphatic) with terminal carboxylic acid
  2. Amphiphilic: has a polar end (carboxylate) and greasy end (just like membranes)
  3. Double bonds are naturally cis
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3
Q

What is the terminal carbon with the highest numer called?

A

w-C (omega)

Majority of polyunsaturated FA are w-6

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4
Q

What are families of EFA? Can they be synthesized by humans?

A

Linoleic Acid – 18 carbons, 2 cis double bonds, ω-6 fatty acid
Linolenic Acid – 18 carbons, 3 cis double bonds, ω-3 fatty acid

No

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5
Q

What is an EFA?

A

Can’t be constructed within an organism from other components and must be obtained from the diet

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6
Q

How does EFA conversion work?

A

ω-3 can change to another3, but not ω-6

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7
Q

What are the types of ω-3?

A

EPA (20:5) and DHA (22:6)

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8
Q

What are the types of ω-6?

A

GLA (18:3)
AA (20:4)
DGLA (20:3)

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9
Q

What are the functions of EPA?

A

Precursor for prostaglandin-3 (inhibits platelet aggregation), thromboxane-3, and LK-5 (all eicosanoids)

Ability to lower inflammation

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10
Q

What is the function of DHA?

A

Essential in brain/CNS and eye development leading to its incorporation into prenatal vitamins and infant formulas

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11
Q

What are the consequences of low levels of DHA?

A

Reduction of brain serotonin levels associated with ADHD, Alzheimer’s dx, and depression

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12
Q

What is the function of AA?

A
  1. Freed from phospholipid molecules by enzyme phospholipase A2 which cleaves off the FA
  2. Used in the biosynthesis of anandamide (endogenous cannabinoid neurotransmitter)
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13
Q

What is the SAR of aa?

A
  1. Central carbon bonded to H
  2. NH2 (amino)
  3. Carboxylic group
  4. R-group
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14
Q

What is an essential aa?

A

Body incapable of making or can’t make in sufficient quantity, must be consumed from the diet

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15
Q

What is conditionally essential aa?

A
  1. Can become essential in certain physiologic conditions
  2. Essetnial due to other defs
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16
Q

What is a nonessential aa?

A

Body can make in large amounts

Made from essential aa

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17
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

alpha-amino acids bound by peptide bonds

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18
Q

What is the function of transaminase?

A

Removal of the amino group in an oxidation pathway so it can be fed into the urea cycle

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19
Q

What is the most complete and digestible protein?

A

Eggs

Standard for measuring protein quality assigned a value of 100

20
Q

What is a limiting aa?

A

The aa found in shortest supply relative to the amount needed for protein synthesis in the body

21
Q

What are the most common limiting aa?

A
  1. Lysine (cereal grains)
  2. Methionine (legumes)
  3. Tryptophan (corn)
22
Q

What is the deficiency or inadequate protein in the diet?

A

Kwashiorkor

23
Q

What are dietary minerals?

A

Inorganic elemental atoms that are essential nutrients to support living organisms

24
Q

What are the organic molecules?

A

C, H, N, O

25
Q

What are the types of dietary minerals?

A

macrominerals > 0.005%
microminerals < 0.005%

26
Q

What is a metalloenzyme?

A
  1. Where the a metal ion is a cofactor of the enzyme
  2. Metal ion is firmly bound to its position and the metal to protein ratio is constant (unique to particular enzyme)
  3. Metal ion is requied for enzymatic activity
27
Q

What is the difference between metalloenzyme and metal-activated enzymes?

A

Metalloenzyme: Metal ion is firmly bound to its position and the metal to protein ratio is constant and metal type is unique to enzyme
Metal-activated enzymes: Metal to protein ratio is variable as is the metal to enzyme activity ratio, and metal is not necessarily unique

28
Q

What are the 3 major ionic electrolytes?

A
  1. Sodium
  2. Potassium
  3. Chloride
29
Q

Sx of Na def? Excess?

A

Def:
* Dehydration
* Acidosis
* Tissue atrophy
* N/DZ

Excess:
* Edema
* HTN

30
Q

What ion is a major salt in ruminant sweat?

A

K+

31
Q

How do Ca2+ levels affect nervous tissue?

A

Low: Irritable nerves -> tetany
High: Depresses the nervous irritability

32
Q

99% of body Ca2+ in the bone is in what form?

A

Hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2)

33
Q

What are regulation hormones of Ca?

A
  1. Vit D3
  2. PTH
  3. Calcitonin
34
Q

What is the second most plentiful cation in ICF?

A

Mg2+

35
Q

What is the primary function of Mg?

A

Co-factor of all enzymes involved in phosphate transfer rx that use ATP and of nucleotide triphosphates

36
Q

What is the function of zinc?

A

Serves as a cofactor for:
1. RNA synthesis
2. Stabilizes proteins that regulate gene expression (zinc fingers)
3. Antioxidant
4. Stabilizes cell membranes

37
Q

Signs of zinc def?

A
  1. Poor growth
  2. delayed wound healing
  3. Impairment of sex devo
  4. Decreased taste acuity
38
Q

What is the therapeutic use of zinc?

A

Promote wound healing and can treat some gastric ulcers

39
Q

What is the most common nutrient def in the world?

A

Iron

40
Q

Signs of severe iron def?

A

Improper RBD form and function: anemia

41
Q

What are the two pools of iron?

A

Essential iron-containing compounds and iron stores (excess)

42
Q

What dominates the essential iron pool?

A

Hemoglobin (heme iron)

43
Q

What is non-heme iron?

A

Stored as ferritin in the intestinal mucosa and macorphages in liver, spleen, and bone

44
Q

What is the second most abundant mineral in the body? Distribution?

A

Phosphorus:
1. 22% of total mineral content
2. 80% is structural insoluable apatite in bone and teeth
3. 20% is very active metabolically

45
Q

What is the function of fluorine (fluoride)?

A

While essentiality is debatable, the primary function of fluoride is to promote mineralization of calcium and phosphate

It builds a bone matrix, but it builds a brittle matrix. Need to supplement with calcium and phosphate to help will mineralization.

46
Q

Why is cobalt necessary in humans?

A

Used in the formation of vitamin B12 since animals and plants can’t synthesize it

Drug Action II (28 decks)

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