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Medicine Y3 Placement > Block 2 endocrine > Flashcards

Block 2 endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

what is the first line pharmacological management of type 2 diabetes

A

metformin

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2
Q

what group of oral anti diabetic is metofmrin and how does it work

A

metformin is a biguanide that reduces insulin resistance by reducing the amount of sugar your liver releases into the blood

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3
Q

give 2 examples of antidaiabetics that work to reduce insulin resistance

A

metformin and pioglitazone

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4
Q

how does pioglitazone work

A

helps insulin work better in muscle and fat. It lowers the amount of sugar the liver releases and makes fat cells more sensitive to insulin effects

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5
Q

how does sulphonylurea work (gliclazide, glipizide, glibenclamide)

A

it is an insulin secretagogue which means they work by causing the body to secrete insulin

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6
Q

how does glisten work

A

it is a DPP4 inhibitor - stops GLP1 being broken down so fast so prolongs the effects of GLP-1
GLP-1 is produced by the upper GI tract immediately after a meal, stimulates insulin secretion from beta cells and suppresses glucagon secretion from alpha cells

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7
Q

how do incretins work

A

they are GLP-1 agonists

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8
Q

how do SGLT-2 inhibitors work

A

they enhance glucose secretions by preventing glucose from being reabsorbed and so is excreted in urine

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9
Q

How does acarbose and amylin work

A

acarbose stops starch being absorbed

amylin influences gastric emptying

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10
Q

Write out the main groups of anti diabetics

A
  • reduce insulin resistance (metformin and pioglitazone)
  • increased beta cell activity (sulphonylurea)
  • increased GLP-1 activity ( gliptin, a DPP4 inhibitor) and incretins
  • enhance glucose excretions (SGLT-2 inhibitor)
  • slow glucose absorption (acarbose and amylin)
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11
Q

what are the main side effects of metformin

A

think it reduces insulin resistance

therefore GI symptoms, weight loss and lactic acidosis

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12
Q

what are the main side effects of pioglitazone

A

osteoporosis, wieght gain, fluid retention

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13
Q

what are the main side effects of sulphonylurea

A

think they increase beta cell activity

so will cause weight gain and hypoglycaemia

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14
Q

what are the main side effects of gliptin (DPP4 inhibitor)

A 
- think it increases GLP-1 activity therefore 
GI symptoms (possibly pancreatitis)
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15
Q

what are the main side effects of incretins

A

GLP-1 agonist so weight loss, GI tract upset.

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16
Q

what are the main side effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors -flozin

A

enhance glucose excretion therefore
weight loss
UTI
glucoseuria

17
Q

Rapid acting insulins

a) when do they start working
b) how long do they last

A

a) around 10 mins

b) around 4 hours

18
Q

give an example of rapid acting insulin

A

novorapid
Humalog
apidra

19
Q

short acting insulins

a) when do they start working
b) how long do they last

A

a) around 30 mins

b) 8 hours

20
Q

give an example of short acting insulin

A

act rapid
humulin S
inhuman rapid

21
Q

intermediate acting insulins

a) when do they start working
b) how long do they last

A

a) around an hour

b) around 16 hours

22
Q

give an example of an intermediate acting insulin

A

insulatard
humulin I
Insuman basal

23
Q

long acting insulins

a) when do they start working
b) how long do they last

A

a) around an hour

b) around 24 hours

24
Q

give an example of a long acting insulin

A

Lantus
Levemir
degludec (lasts over 40 hours)

25
Q

give an example of some combination insulins

rapid: intermediate ratios

A

Humalog 25
Humalog 50
novomix 30

26
Q

name the hormones that are produced by the anterior pituitary

A 
ACTH
TSH
LH 
FSH
prolactin 
GH
27
Q

name the hormones that are produced by the posterior pituitary

A

ADH

oxytocin

28
Q

what is the function of ACTH

A

stimulates adrenal gland to produce cortisol

29
Q

what is the function of TSH

A

stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine

30
Q

mnemonic for anterior pituitary hormones (FLATPEG)

A

F - FSH
L- LH
A- ACTH
T- TSH

P- prolactin
E- endorphins
G- growth hormone

Medicine Y3 Placement (10 decks)

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