Block 2 Flashcards
Name 2 short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonists.
Salbutamol and terbutaline.
Name 2 long-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonists.
Salmeterol and formoterol.
What is the mechanism of action of beta-2 adrenergic agonists?
Stimulation of airway smooth muscle relaxation.
Name a short-acting anti-cholinergics.
Ipratropium.
Name a long-acting anti-cholinergics.
Tiotropium.
What is the mechanism of action of anti-cholinergic drugs?
Blockade of cholinergic activity in airway smooth muscle leading to muscle relaxation.
Give 2 examples of methylxanthines.
Theophylline and aminophylline.
What is the mechanism of action of methylxanthines?
Inhibition of phosphodiesterase, increasing cellular cAMP.
Name 4 glucocorticoids used to treat airway disease.
Beclomethasone, prednisolone, fluticasone and hydrocortisone.
What is the mechanism of action of glucocorticoids in the treatment of airway disease?
Activation of glucocorticoid receptors in immune cells,
reducing airway inflammation.
Name 2 leukotriene receptor antagonists.
Montelukast and zafirlukast.
What is the mechanism of action of leukotriene receptor antagonists?
Blockade of proinflammatory leukotriene signalling.
Give an example of an ACE inhibitor.
Ramipril.
What is the mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors?
- Inhibits conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
- Reduces vasoconstriction
Name 2 angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs).
Losartan and valsartan.
What is the mechanism of action of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)?
Blockade of cell signalling induced by angiotensin II.
Name two selective beta-1 adrenergic receptor antagonists.
Bisoprolol and atenolol.
Name a non-selective beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptor antagonist.
Propranolol.
What is the mechanism of action of beta adrenergic receptor antagonists?
Blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors on cardiomyocytes, reducing inotropy and chronotropy.
Name 2 HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins).
Atorvastatin and simvastatin.
What is the mechanism of action of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors?
Inhibition of mevalonate metabolism in the cholesterol
synthesis pathway.
Give 2 examples of calcium channel antagonists used to treat heart failure and hypertension.
Nifedipine and amlodipine.
What is the mechanism of action of calcium channel antagonists?
Blockade of L-type calcium channels, promoting
vasodilation.
Give 2 examples of nitrate vasodilators.
Glycerol trinitrate (GTN) and isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN).
What is the mechanism of action of nitrate vasodilators?
Release of nitric oxide –> relaxation of vascular smooth
muscle.
Name an anti-cholinergic used for emergency
bradycardia treatment.
Atropine.
What is the mechanism of action of atropine?
Blockade of cardiac muscarinic receptors.
Name an alpha sympathomimetic.
Noradrenaline.
Name a beta sympathomimetic.
Dobutamine.
Name an alpha and beta sympathomimetic.
Adrenaline.
What is the mechanism of action of sympathomimetics?
Stimulation of cardiac inotropy and chronotropy.
Name a neprilysin inhibitor.
Sacubitril.
Which ARB drug is used in combination with sacubitril?
Valsartan.
What is the mechanism of action of sacubitril?
Inhibition of natriuretic peptide breakdown.
Name 2 antiplatelet drugs.
Aspirin and clopidogrel.
What is the mechanism of action of aspirin?
Inhibition of thromboxane A2 production.
What is the mechanism of action of clopidogrel?
Blockade of platelet ADP receptors.
Name 4 anticoagulant drugs.
Warfarin, unfractionated heparin,
low molecular weight heparin and dabigatran.
What is the mechanism of action of warfarin?
Inhibition of clotting factor synthesis.
What is the mechanism of action of heparin?
Enhances action of antithrombin III.
What is the mechanism of action of dabigatran?
Direct inhibition of thrombin.
Name three thrombolytics.
Alteplase, streptokinase and urokinase.
What is the mechanism of action of thrombolytics?
Digestion of fibrin in thrombi to restore blood flow .
