Block 1 Flashcards
What drug class does aluminium hydroxide + magnesium hydroxide belong to?
Antacids.
What drug class does calcium carbonate + magnesium carbonate belong to?
Antacids.
What is the mechanism of action of antacids?
Gastric acid neutralisation.
What drug class does sodium alginate + sodium bicarbonate + calcium carbonate belong to?
Antacids and alginates.
What is mechanism of action of antacids and alginates?
Gastric acid neutralisation and increasing viscosity of stomach contents.
Give 2 examples of H2-receptor antagonists.
Ranitidine, cimetidine.
What is the mechanism of action of H2-receptor antagonists?
Blockade of gastric H2 histamine receptors.
Give 2 examples of proton pump inhibitors.
Omeprazole, lansoprazole.
What is the mechanism of action of proton pump inhibitors?
Blockade of parietal cell proton transporters.
What drug class does methylcellulose belong to?
Bulk laxatives.
What drug class does isphagula husk belong to?
Bulk laxatives.
What is the mechanism of action of bulk laxatives?
Water retention in the intestinal lumen to soften and bulk stools.
Name 3 osmotic laxatives.
Magnesium sulphate and magnesium
hydroxide (saline purgatives), macrogol and
lactulose.
What is the mechanism of action of osmotic laxatives?
Water retention in the intestinal lumen to soften and bulk stools.
What drug class do docusate and arachis oil belong to?
Faecal softeners.
What is the mechanism of action of faecal softeners?
Stimulate water and electrolyte secretion into the intestinal lumen, and lower surface tension, allowing water and fat to enter the stool.
Name 2 stimulant purgatives.
Senna and bisacodyl.
What is the mechanism of action of stimulant purgatives?
Increase intestinal motility.
What is oral rehydration therapy?
isotonic/hypotonic solution of glucose
and sodium chloride.
Give 2 examples of opioid anti-motility agents.
Loperamide and codeine.
What is the mechanism of action of opioid anti-motility agents?
Agonist for µ-opioid receptors in the myenteric plexus.
Give an example of a loop diuretic.
Furosemide.
What is the mechanism of action of loop diuretics?
Inhibits the Na+/K+/2Cl transporter in the loop of Henle.
Name 4 thiazide (and related) diuretics.
Indapamide, bendroflumethiazide,
hydrochlorothiazide and chlortalidone.
What is the mechanism of action of thiazide (and related) diuretics?
Inhibits the Na+/Cl- co-transporter in the early distal tubule.
Name 3 potassium-sparing diuretics.
Spironolactone, eplerenone and amiloride.
What is the mechanism of action of spironolactone and eplerenone?
Mineralocorticoid receptor (aldosterone) blockade.
What is the mechanism of action of amiloride?
Blockade of sodium reabsorption via ENaC channel.
What drug class does acetazolamide belong to?
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
What is the mechanism of action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?
Prevent renal reabsorption of bicarbonate.
Give an example of an osmotic diuretic.
Mannitol.
What is the mechanism of action of osmotic diuretics?
Increase the osmolarity of glomerular filtrate.
Give an example of a renin inhibitor.
Aliskiren.
What is the mechanism of action of renin inhibitors?
Inhibition of angiotensin I generation by renin.
Give an example of an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor.
Ramipril.
What is the mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors?
- Inhibits conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
- Reduces vasoconstriction
Give an example of an angiotensin-II receptor antagonist.
Losartan.
What is the mechanism of action of angiotensin-II receptor antagonists?
Blockade of cell signalling induced by angiotensin II.
Give an example of an aldosterone antagonist.
Spironolactone.
What is the mechanism of action of aldosterone antagonists?
Blockade of mineralocorticoid activation.
Name 2 thyroid hormones used to treat thyroid disorders.
Levothyroxine and liothyronine.
What is the mechanism of action of levothyroxine and liothyronine?
Activation of thyroid hormone receptors.
Name an alpha-adrenergic blocker used in the treatment of urinary retention.
Doxazosin.
What is the mechanism of action of doxazosin?
Smooth muscle relaxant affecting the neck of the bladder.
Name a urinary anti-spasmodic anticholinergic drug used to treat urinary incontinence.
Oxybutinin.
What is the mechanism of action of oxybutinin?
Blockade of muscarinic receptors leading to reduction of bladder detrusor activity.
