Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Functional Neuranatomy > Block 2 > Flashcards

Block 2 Flashcards

1
Q

bony encasement

A
  • skull and vertebrae

- provides protection of the CNS from external injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Meninges

A
  • 3 connective tissue layers
  • provide mechanical suspension system anchored to bones to protect CNS from internal injury
  • provide a space for CSF circulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

purposes of CSF

A
  • provides buoyancy

- provides a source of nutrients and assists in waste removal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pia mater

A
  • (delicate mother)
  • thin membrane covering brain and spinal cord
  • surface blood vessels travel just above it, and their capillaries penetrate the pia into the brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

arachnoid

A
  • slightly thicker than pia matter
  • is the middle layer
  • does not follow surface contours, will bridge over major depressions
  • since it bridges, it makes the subarachnoid space which is where the CSF will circulate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cisterns

A

enlargements of the subarachnoid space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

subdural space

A

the minimal space between the dura and the arachnoid layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

dura matter

A

-much thicker than meningeal layers
-two parts: outer–> periosteal dura
inner–> meningeal dura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The sublayers of the dura matter are normally fused except at

A

sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

sinuses

A

-CSF and venous blood drain into the sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

dural reflections

A
  • the infolding and fusion of the meningeal layers of the dura
  • this acts as a hammock-like suspension system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

falx cerebri

A

keeps the two cerebral hemispheres frm impacting each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what structure prevents the cortex from driving into the cerebellum or brainstem during blows to the head?

A

tentorium cerebelli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

denticulate ligaments

A

attach layers of meningeal layers to each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

lateral ventricles

A

-backwards C shape of telencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

3rd ventricles

A

lie within the diencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the cerebral aqueduct

A

within the mesencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

4th ventricle

A

-within the pons and medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

choroid plexus

A

lies within the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles

-is where the CSF is produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

cappillaries in the choroid plexus are lined with ___ cells that are ____

A

-endothelial cells that are leaky

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Blood pressure may force water solutes into the space between the capillary and choroid epithelium, but they wont pass into the ventricles why?

A

because the choroid epithelial cells are connected to each other by tight junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier

A

-prevents solutes and water from entering into the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Is CSF a simple ultrafiltrant of blood ?

A

No. It is formed by actively transporting substances by carrier proteins in the choroid epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

describe the flow of CSF

A

-lateral–>third–> cerebral aqueduct–> fourth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How does CSF gain access to the subarachnoid space to supply the surface structures?

A

-the median aperture and the two lateral apertures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

where is CSF collected for diagnostic purposes?

A

from cisterns, like the lumbar cistern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

blockage of cerebral aqueducts or apertures can lead to

A

-hydrocephalus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where do surface veins of the brain empty?

A

-the superior sagittal sinus which is along top of the falx cerebri—> transverse sinuses along the back of the tentorium cerebelli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Deep veins feed into the

A

-inferior sagittal sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

where do all sinuses ultimately drain into?

A

internal jugular vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what two major vessels supply the brain?

A

-paired internal carotid and the vertebral arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

branches of the vertebral arteries

A

anterior spinal artery and the paired posterior spinal artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

basilar artery

A

-forms just below the pons as the vertebral arteries merge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

branches of the basilar artery supplies

A
  • the brainstem
  • cerebellum
  • choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle
35
Q

the posterior cerebral artery

A

-supplies the occipital lobe, inferior temporal lobe, and parts of the diencephalon and midbrain

36
Q

name the two major branches off of the internal carotid and one minor

A
  • anterior cerebral artery
  • middle cerebral artery
  • minor: anterior choroidal artery
37
Q

what does the anterior cerebral artery supply?

A

-anterior and medial cortical structures

38
Q

the middle cerebral artery supplies

A

-most of the lateral cortical hemispheres and bulk of the basal ganglia

39
Q

the minor anterior choroidal artery supplies

A

deeper parts of the basal ganglia, amygdala, and hippocampus and choroid plexus of lateral and 3rd

40
Q

what joins the internal carotid and the vertebral artery systems at the base of the brain?

A

-posterior communicating arteries

41
Q

Circle of Willis

A

provides potential redistribution of blood when one major artery is blocked… not so good with sudden blockages like in embolisms

42
Q

name the 4 things the vestibular system can do

A
  • relays signals to motorneurons that control posture, to help prevent loss of balance
  • relay signals to extraocular motorneurons to aid in visual fixation during head movements
  • provides for a sense of where self is in space , gives an implicit knowledge of up and down
  • helps to provide for changes in changes in respiration and circulation that are necessary as we move and change posture
43
Q

what composes the vestibular labrynth

A

3 semicircular canals and two otolith organs

44
Q

what special kind of medium bathes the stereocilia

A

the endolymph

45
Q

what does it mean that the vestibular afferents in VIII have a resting discharge

A

at rest, the stereocilia of the hair cells are unbent yet still releasing neurotransmitter

46
Q

ampulla

A

swelling at the central end of each semicircular canal where the hair cells are confined

47
Q

how are hair cells in the horizontal canal oriented in the ampulla?

A

kinocilia point to the utricle (the central end of each ampulla)

48
Q

crista ampullaris

A

-the sensory epithelium within an ampulla

49
Q

describe how the semicircular canals respond to the following head movements:
head rotation to the left

A 
Left:
Lateral- increase
Superior- 0
Posterior- 0
Right:
lateral- decrease
Superior-0
Posterior-0
50
Q

describe how the semicircular canals respond to the following head movements:
head rotation to the right

A 
Left: 
Lateral-decrease
superior-0
posterior-0
Right: 
lateral-increase
superior-0
posterior- 0
51
Q

describe how the semicircular canals respond to the following head movements:
Left ear down

A

Left:
lateral-0
superior- +
posterior- +

Right:
lateral-0
superior- -
posterior- -

52
Q

describe how the semicircular canals respond to the following head movements:
right ear down

A 
Left:
lateral- 0
superior- (-)
posterior-(-)
Right:
lateral- 0
superior- +
posterior- +
53
Q

describe how the semicircular canals respond to the following head movements:
Pitch forward

A 
Left:
Lateral-0
superior- (+)
posterior- (-)
Right: 
lateral-0
superior- (+)
posterior- (-)
54
Q

describe how the semicircular canals respond to the following head movements:
Pitch backwards

A 
Left:
Lateral-0
superior- (-)
posterior- (+)
Right: 
lateral-0
superior- (-)
posterior- (+)
55
Q

what information is not coded by the semicircular canals, but by the otilith organs?

A
  • info concerning static position of head in space (location with respect to gravity)
  • information regarding linear accelerations placed on the head as occurs when falling or de/accelerating in a car
56
Q

name the two otilith organs

A

utricle and sacculus

57
Q

name the two important ways the utricle and sacculus differ from the semicircular canals

A

1-the stereocilia of the otilith organs are in the otilithic membrane which has a higher specific gravity than the surrounding fluid- its the membrane that shifts in position when tilted
2- the hair cells do not face in one direction! they are in many different orientations

58
Q

hair cells in the utricular macula are affected by

A

-linear acceleration in the horizontal plane

tilting of head with respect to gravity

59
Q

hair cells in saccular macula are affected by

A
  • linear acceleration in the vertical plane

- tilting head with respect to gravity

60
Q

the striola

A

the imaginary line where direction of hair cells reverse abruptly

61
Q

most vestibular afferents project to one of 4 brainstem nuclei

A

the 4 brainstem nuclei are:

  • superior
  • inferior
  • lateral (Deiter’s nucleus)
  • medial
62
Q

some neurons in the vestibular nuclei lack neck inputs and fire during head and whole body type movements. Give an example

A

neurons that project to extraocular motorneurons

63
Q

flocculus

A

-portion of the cerebellum that along with the medial cerebellum regulates activity of the vestibular nuclei

64
Q

which vestibular nuclei have projections to the cranial nerve nuclei III, IV, and VI and why

A
  • medial and superior nuclei

- these connections are responsible for powerful vestibulo-ocular reflexes

65
Q

medial vestibulo-spinal tract (MVST)

A
  • mainly influences neck motorneurons

- important for maintaining stable head position in space

66
Q

lateral vestibulo-spinal tract

A

-involved in maintaining balance through its effects on limb motorneurons

67
Q

direction of sound waves

A

large auricle (external ear)–> external auditory meatus–> tympanic membrane–> malleus, incus, and stapes

68
Q

Eustachian tube

A
  • connects the middle ear to the throat

- works to keep the pressure on the two sides of the ear drum equal

69
Q

name the 3 fluid-filled chambers of the cochlea

A
  • scala vestibuli
  • scala tympani
  • scala media
70
Q

helicotrema

A

-where the two perilymph-filled chambers join at the apex of the cochlea

71
Q

when sound causes the tympanic membrane and middle ear bones to vibrate, the force is transmitted to through the ____ into the ___. The necessary pressure release to allow fluid to vibrate is allowed by the ____

A
  • oval window
  • scala vestibuli
  • round window
72
Q

what and where are the sensory epithelia for the auditory system?

A
  • organ of corti

- located in cochlear duct

73
Q

Hair cells of organ of Corti are innervated by afferents of the ____ nerve. The cell bodies of these afferents are located in the ________, which is found in the bone just outside the cochlea

A
  • cochlear nerve

- spiral ganglion

74
Q

the stereocilia of auditory hair cells are imbedded in

A

tectorial membrane

75
Q

the hair cells are attached to

A

the basilar membrane

76
Q

____ send their axons through the VIII cranial nerve to innervate ___ hair cells

A
  • neurons in the superior olivary mucleus

- outter

77
Q

function of auditory outter hair cells

A

-to adjust sensitivity in the peripheral auditory system

78
Q

If people lose hair cells, but retain innervation of the cochlea by the VIII nerve then ___ can be used ti restore hearing

A

-cochlear implants

79
Q

parts of the cochlear implant

A
  • microphone: detects sound
  • speech processor: to determine which sound frequencies are present. Has a microprocessor to filter out noise
  • transmitter and receiver/stimulator: that converts signals from sound processor to electrical pulses
  • 22 electrodes to go along the cochlea
80
Q

name the two brainstem nuclei that the auditory afferents can terminate?

A

-dorsal cochlear nuclei

ventral column nuclei

81
Q

projects directly to the inferior colliculus

A

dorsal cochlear nucleus

82
Q

the dorsal cochlear nucleus projects directly to the inferior colliculus which projects to the ____ which projects to Brodmann’s areas ____

A
  • medial geniculate

- 41 and 42

83
Q

name the difference between the brain capillary endothelial cells and the choroid capillary endothelial clls

A
  • the brain capillary endothelial cells have tight junction
  • the choroid capillary endothelial cells do not have tight junctions ** its the choroid epithelial cells that have the tight junctions
84
Q

Common features of ascending dorsal column and spinothalamic tract

A
  • consist of 3 neurons in series
  • mostly crossed
  • somatotopically organized
  • maintain modality specificity

Functional Neuranatomy (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions