Block 1 Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
perikaryon
A
soma; the cell body which structured in a way that promotes high levels of gene transcription, protein synthesis and energy production
2
Q
nucleus
A
where DNA is transcribed to RNA
3
Q
ribosomes
A
location of translation
4
Q
Nissl bodies
A
clumps or stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum
5
Q
Golgi complex
A
protein modification and packaging
6
Q
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
A
a tubular network forming an internal transport system
-contains enzymes for lipid and steroid synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism
7
Q
mitochondria
A
energy production
-location of Kreb’s cycle and electron transport chain
8
Q
nucleolus
A
The nucleolus is located in the nucleus and makes ribosomal subunits from proteins and ribosomal RNA, also known as rRNA
9
Q
microtubules
A
cytoskeletal proteins that are the “tracks” that vesicles are moved along by small proteins
- are approximately 20 nm
10
Q
neurofilaments
A
give the neuron “stiffness”
11
Q
microfilaments
A
- have become synonymous with actin
- contractile protein important for motility (like in growth cones in development), neurotransmission, and plasticity
12
Q
The Law of Dynamic Polarization
A
- Cajal
- the neuron receives information at the dendrite and transmits information at the axon
- *there are many exceptions to this
13
Q
Light Microscope can resolve structures from ____. This is used in neuroscience to see _____
A
.2 microns = 2 * 100* nm = 2*1000 angstroms. Light miscroscope can be used with Nissl stains and Golgi stain and myelin stain to study cytoarchitecture.
14
Q
Nissl stains and Light Microscopy can be used to study
A
identify brain sites that have been experimentally manipulated (lesion or electrode)
15
Q
Why can Electron Microscopes resolve objects that are smaller or even closer together than LM?
A
electrons have shorter wavelengths than photons.
-electron microscopes can resolve 2-3 nm.
16
Q
Retrograde tracing
A
- used to determine the afferents to a region
- tracer is injected that selectively binds to surface glycoproteins on axons, is endocytosed and transported back to soma
17
Q
collateralization
A
axonal branching patterns
18
Q
anterograde tracing
A
- used to determine the efferents from a region
- inject a tracer that selectively binds to glycoproteins on soma and dendrites, gets taken up by endocytosis and transported out the axons
19
Q
name the 3 distinct germ layers
A
- ectoderm
- the mesoderm
- endoderm
20
Q
neurulation begins with ___ and ends with ___
A
- thickening of the neural plate
- ends with closure of the neural tube at the neuropores
21
Q
what induces the head process in the early ectoderm to thicken?
A
the notochord (a mesoderm structure)
22
Q
the anterior neuropore closes at
A
24 days
23
Q
the posterior neuropore closes at
A
26 days
24
Q
failure of the neural tube to close at anterior neuropore causes
A
anencephaly
-most still born, but either way not sustainable to life
25
failure of the neural tube to close at the posterior neural tube results in
spina bifida
26
somites
- segmented collections of mesodermal cells
- will make up muscles, skeleton, and connective tissue
- each somite will eventually develop connections with individual spinal cord segments
27
cells of neural crest give rise to
sensory neurons of PNS and postganglionic autonomic motor neurons
-also give rise to Schwann cells and meningeal cells
28
cells of neural tube give rise to
- somatic motor neurons
- preganglionic autonomic motor neurons, and all interneurons
- also give rise to astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
29
where do the neurons of the neural tube develop from?
neuroepithelium in the ependymal layer
30
radial glial cells
- guide migrating neurons to their appropriate positions
| - when job is done they will differentiate into astrocytesd
31
name the 3 layers of the early neural tube
- ependymal
- mantle
- marginal
32
where does neuronal migration end in spinal cord?
- ends in mantle layer which will become the gray matter
| - white matter (marginal) develops external to gray matter (mantle)
33
where does neuronal migration end in the brain
-continues into the marginal layer
-In cerebellar and cerebral cortices:
gray matter develops external to white matter
34
sulcus limitans
-limiting groove that develops at 4-6 weeks which divides the alar plate from the basal plate
35
alar plate
contains interneurons that receive input from axons of sensory neurons
36
basal plate
- ventral
| - contains cell bodies of motor neurons
37
basal
=ventral=motor=efferent
38
alar
=dorsal=sensory=afferent
39
encephalization
expansion of brain in developing embryo
40
at 4 weeks, what are the 3 main bulges or vesicles
prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon
41
at 5 weeks, name the 5 major vesicles
telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon
42
telencephalon
cerebral cortex and basal ganglia
43
diencephalon
thalamus and hypothalamus
44
metencephalon
pons and cerebellum
45
myelencephalon
medulla
46
where does the optic vesicle emerge from?
diencephalon
47
infundibulum
connects the pituitary gland to the diencephalon
48
name the ventricles and where they develop from
lateral (telencephalon)
- third (diencephalon)
- cerebral aqueduct (mesencephalon)
- fourth (met-and myelencephalon)
- central canal (spinal cord)
49
name the 3 flexures that the embryo develops with
- cervical (spinalcord and hindbrain)
- cephalic (midbrain and hindbrain)
- pontine (within hindbrain)
50
which flexure persists in adult brain?
the cephalic
51
what is the source of motor neurons?
the basal plate
52
pruning
-the process during puberty where synapses begin to decline
53
fetal alcohol syndrome
-excessive alcohol consumption during later phases of encephalization which results in microcephaly and mental retardation
54
name the main subdivisions of the brainstem
-medulla, pons, midbrain
55
medulla
- The medulla contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers and therefore deals with the autonomic functions of breathing, heart rate and blood pressure.
- glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) vagus nerve (CN X) accessory nerve (CN XI), hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
56
pons
-The middle four cranial nerves originate from the pons:
```
trigeminal nerve (CN V)
abducens nerve (CN VI)
facial nerve (CN VII)
vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
```
57
Midbrain
```
oculomotor nerve (CN III)
trochlear nerve (CN IV)
Pons
```
58
what are the general functions of the brainstem?
-contains neurons that regulate vegetative functions:
circulation, respiration, digestion, sleep/wakefullness,
-houses cranial nerve nuclei
-contains ascending and descending pathways between cortex and spinal cord and in and out of cerebellum
-participates in rhythmic motor patterns and crude voluntary movement
59
name the cranial nerves in order of rostro-caudal
- Olfactory
- optic
- oculomotor
- trochlear
- trigeminal
- abducens
- facial
- vestibulocochlear
- glossopharyngeal
- Vagus
- Accessory
- Hypoglossal
60
Olfactory nerve (1)
- pure sensory
| - smell
61
Optic Nerve (2)
- pure sensory
| - vision
62
Oculomotor (3)
- somatic motor
| - muscles for eye movements, lens accommodation and pupil dilation
63
Trochlear (4)
- somatic motor
| - muscles for eye movement
64
Trigeminal (5)
- somatic motor: muscles for chewing
| - somatic sensory: somatosensory from face
65
Abducens (6)
somatic motor: muscles for eye movement
66
Facial (7)
Somatic motor: muscles for facial expression
visceral motor: lacrimation and salivation
visceral sensory: taste, anterior 2/3
67
vestibulocochlear (8)
-Somatic sensory: balance and hearing
68
glossopharyngeal (IX)
-somatic motor: muscles for swallowing
visceral motor: salivation
visceral sensory: carotid body/sinus; taste, posterior 1/3
69
Vagus (10)
somatic motor: muscles for swallowing and speaking
visceral motor: thoracic and abdominal viscera
visceral sensory: thoracic and abdominal region
70
Accessory (11)
somatic motor: muscles for head and neck movement
71
hypoglossal (12)
-somatic motor: muscles for tongue
72
special visceral efferents
skeletal motor neurons that innervate muscles of the face, mouth, larynx, and pharynx
73
branchial arches
- primitive gill slits that had a visceral function but became more cartilaginous in course of evolution
- muscles innervated by the SVE developed from these
74
what makes the optic nerve different from the other cranial nerves
it contains axons of sensory neurons derived from the neural tube
-optic nerve derives from diencephalon and connects to the retina
75
cranial nerves with motor functions
-motor neurons have their cell bodies in brainstem cranial nerve nuclei that resemble ventral horn of spinal cord
76
cranial nerves with sensory function
-have cell bodies in cranial ganglia peripheral to the brain--> terminate in brainstem nuclei that resemble the dorsal horn
77
Medulla (white matter and gray matter structures)
- white: pyramids, dorsal columns, medial lemniscus
| - gray: dorsal column nuclei, inferior olivary nucleus
78
Pons (white matter and gray matter)
white: cerebellar peduncles
gray: pontine nucleus
79
Midbrain (white matter and gray matter nuclei)
- white: cerebral peduncle
| gray: inferior colliclulus, superior colliclulus, red nucleus, substantia nigra
80
cerebral aqueduct
connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles
81
neural crest derived cells
-Schwann cells
-Chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
-Arachnoid cells
-pia matter cells
-multipolar postganglionic motor neurons of ANS
-Bipolar sensory neurons
-Pseudo-unipolar sensory neurons
-
82
pyramids
- of the medulla
| - carry descending motor information from cortex to spinal cord (corticospinal)
83
what structures separate the diencephalon from the telencephalon
internal capsule and the lateral ventricles
84
name the 6 major cell groups within the thalamus
lateral, anterior, medial, midline, intralaminar, and reticular
85
internal capsule
white matter structure
- contains ascending fibers from thalamus to cortex
- also contains descending fibers from cortex to the pontine nucleus, brainstem, and spinal cord
86
name the pathway of corticospinal tract from cortex to its termination at ventral horn
cerebral cortex>internal capsule>cerebral peduncle>pons>pyramid>pyramidal decussation (crossover)>lateral column> ventral horn
87
basal ganglia
- telencephalic structures that participate in motor planning
- consist of caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus (known together as the corpus striatum)
88
coronal suture
-fuses frontal and parietal bones
89
sagittal suture
fuses the two parietal bones at midline
90
lamboid suture
fuses parietal and the occipital bones
91
squamous suture
separates the temporal bone from the parietal and occipital bone
92
longitudinal fissures
divides the cerebrum into two hemisheres
93
lateral fissures
separates the temporal lobe from overlying cortices
94
insula
-cortex buried deep inside lateral fissure
95
central sulcus
divides primary somatosensory cortex from primary motor cortex
96
cerebellum
- involved in error correction of movement
| - develops from rhombic lip of alar plateof metencephalon
97
cerebellum is connected to the brainstem via
cerebellar peduncles
98
describe layers of white and gray matter in cerebellum
-external: gray>white> deep cerebellar nuclei
99
The main function of Divergence is
coordination
100
the main function of convergence is
integration
