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Functional Neuranatomy > Block 1 > Flashcards

Block 1 Flashcards

1
Q

perikaryon

A

soma; the cell body which structured in a way that promotes high levels of gene transcription, protein synthesis and energy production

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2
Q

nucleus

A

where DNA is transcribed to RNA

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3
Q

ribosomes

A

location of translation

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4
Q

Nissl bodies

A

clumps or stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum

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5
Q

Golgi complex

A

protein modification and packaging

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6
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

a tubular network forming an internal transport system

-contains enzymes for lipid and steroid synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism

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7
Q

mitochondria

A

energy production

-location of Kreb’s cycle and electron transport chain

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8
Q

nucleolus

A

The nucleolus is located in the nucleus and makes ribosomal subunits from proteins and ribosomal RNA, also known as rRNA

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9
Q

microtubules

A

cytoskeletal proteins that are the “tracks” that vesicles are moved along by small proteins
- are approximately 20 nm

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10
Q

neurofilaments

A

give the neuron “stiffness”

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11
Q

microfilaments

A
  • have become synonymous with actin

- contractile protein important for motility (like in growth cones in development), neurotransmission, and plasticity

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12
Q

The Law of Dynamic Polarization

A
  • Cajal
  • the neuron receives information at the dendrite and transmits information at the axon
  • *there are many exceptions to this
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13
Q

Light Microscope can resolve structures from ____. This is used in neuroscience to see _____

A

.2 microns = 2 * 100* nm = 2*1000 angstroms. Light miscroscope can be used with Nissl stains and Golgi stain and myelin stain to study cytoarchitecture.

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14
Q

Nissl stains and Light Microscopy can be used to study

A

identify brain sites that have been experimentally manipulated (lesion or electrode)

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15
Q

Why can Electron Microscopes resolve objects that are smaller or even closer together than LM?

A

electrons have shorter wavelengths than photons.

-electron microscopes can resolve 2-3 nm.

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16
Q

Retrograde tracing

A
  • used to determine the afferents to a region
  • tracer is injected that selectively binds to surface glycoproteins on axons, is endocytosed and transported back to soma
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17
Q

collateralization

A

axonal branching patterns

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18
Q

anterograde tracing

A
  • used to determine the efferents from a region
  • inject a tracer that selectively binds to glycoproteins on soma and dendrites, gets taken up by endocytosis and transported out the axons
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19
Q

name the 3 distinct germ layers

A
  • ectoderm
  • the mesoderm
  • endoderm
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20
Q

neurulation begins with ___ and ends with ___

A
  • thickening of the neural plate

- ends with closure of the neural tube at the neuropores

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21
Q

what induces the head process in the early ectoderm to thicken?

A

the notochord (a mesoderm structure)

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22
Q

the anterior neuropore closes at

A

24 days

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23
Q

the posterior neuropore closes at

A

26 days

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24
Q

failure of the neural tube to close at anterior neuropore causes

A

anencephaly

-most still born, but either way not sustainable to life

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25
Q

failure of the neural tube to close at the posterior neural tube results in

A

spina bifida

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26
Q

somites

A
  • segmented collections of mesodermal cells
  • will make up muscles, skeleton, and connective tissue
  • each somite will eventually develop connections with individual spinal cord segments
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27
Q

cells of neural crest give rise to

A

sensory neurons of PNS and postganglionic autonomic motor neurons
-also give rise to Schwann cells and meningeal cells

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28
Q

cells of neural tube give rise to

A
  • somatic motor neurons
  • preganglionic autonomic motor neurons, and all interneurons
  • also give rise to astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
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29
Q

where do the neurons of the neural tube develop from?

A

neuroepithelium in the ependymal layer

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30
Q

radial glial cells

A
  • guide migrating neurons to their appropriate positions

- when job is done they will differentiate into astrocytesd

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31
Q

name the 3 layers of the early neural tube

A
  • ependymal
  • mantle
  • marginal
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32
Q

where does neuronal migration end in spinal cord?

A
  • ends in mantle layer which will become the gray matter

- white matter (marginal) develops external to gray matter (mantle)

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33
Q

where does neuronal migration end in the brain

A

-continues into the marginal layer
-In cerebellar and cerebral cortices:
gray matter develops external to white matter

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34
Q

sulcus limitans

A

-limiting groove that develops at 4-6 weeks which divides the alar plate from the basal plate

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35
Q

alar plate

A

contains interneurons that receive input from axons of sensory neurons

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36
Q

basal plate

A
  • ventral

- contains cell bodies of motor neurons

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37
Q

basal

A

=ventral=motor=efferent

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38
Q

alar

A

=dorsal=sensory=afferent

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39
Q

encephalization

A

expansion of brain in developing embryo

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40
Q

at 4 weeks, what are the 3 main bulges or vesicles

A

prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon

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41
Q

at 5 weeks, name the 5 major vesicles

A

telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon

42
Q

telencephalon

A

cerebral cortex and basal ganglia

43
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

44
Q

metencephalon

A

pons and cerebellum

45
Q

myelencephalon

46
Q

where does the optic vesicle emerge from?

A

diencephalon

47
Q

infundibulum

A

connects the pituitary gland to the diencephalon

48
Q

name the ventricles and where they develop from

A

lateral (telencephalon)

  • third (diencephalon)
  • cerebral aqueduct (mesencephalon)
  • fourth (met-and myelencephalon)
  • central canal (spinal cord)
49
Q

name the 3 flexures that the embryo develops with

A
  • cervical (spinalcord and hindbrain)
  • cephalic (midbrain and hindbrain)
  • pontine (within hindbrain)
50
Q

which flexure persists in adult brain?

A

the cephalic

51
Q

what is the source of motor neurons?

A

the basal plate

52
Q

pruning

A

-the process during puberty where synapses begin to decline

53
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

-excessive alcohol consumption during later phases of encephalization which results in microcephaly and mental retardation

54
Q

name the main subdivisions of the brainstem

A

-medulla, pons, midbrain

55
Q

medulla

A
  • The medulla contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers and therefore deals with the autonomic functions of breathing, heart rate and blood pressure.
  • glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) vagus nerve (CN X) accessory nerve (CN XI), hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
56
Q

pons

A

-The middle four cranial nerves originate from the pons:

trigeminal nerve (CN V)
abducens nerve (CN VI)
facial nerve (CN VII)
vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
57
Q

Midbrain

A 
oculomotor nerve (CN III)
trochlear nerve (CN IV)
Pons
58
Q

what are the general functions of the brainstem?

A

-contains neurons that regulate vegetative functions:
circulation, respiration, digestion, sleep/wakefullness,
-houses cranial nerve nuclei
-contains ascending and descending pathways between cortex and spinal cord and in and out of cerebellum
-participates in rhythmic motor patterns and crude voluntary movement

59
Q

name the cranial nerves in order of rostro-caudal

A
  • Olfactory
  • optic
  • oculomotor
  • trochlear
  • trigeminal
  • abducens
  • facial
  • vestibulocochlear
  • glossopharyngeal
  • Vagus
  • Accessory
  • Hypoglossal
60
Q

Olfactory nerve (1)

A
  • pure sensory

- smell

61
Q

Optic Nerve (2)

A
  • pure sensory

- vision

62
Q

Oculomotor (3)

A
  • somatic motor

- muscles for eye movements, lens accommodation and pupil dilation

63
Q

Trochlear (4)

A
  • somatic motor

- muscles for eye movement

64
Q

Trigeminal (5)

A
  • somatic motor: muscles for chewing

- somatic sensory: somatosensory from face

65
Q

Abducens (6)

A

somatic motor: muscles for eye movement

66
Q

Facial (7)

A

Somatic motor: muscles for facial expression
visceral motor: lacrimation and salivation
visceral sensory: taste, anterior 2/3

67
Q

vestibulocochlear (8)

A

-Somatic sensory: balance and hearing

68
Q

glossopharyngeal (IX)

A

-somatic motor: muscles for swallowing
visceral motor: salivation
visceral sensory: carotid body/sinus; taste, posterior 1/3

69
Q

Vagus (10)

A

somatic motor: muscles for swallowing and speaking
visceral motor: thoracic and abdominal viscera
visceral sensory: thoracic and abdominal region

70
Q

Accessory (11)

A

somatic motor: muscles for head and neck movement

71
Q

hypoglossal (12)

A

-somatic motor: muscles for tongue

72
Q

special visceral efferents

A

skeletal motor neurons that innervate muscles of the face, mouth, larynx, and pharynx

73
Q

branchial arches

A
  • primitive gill slits that had a visceral function but became more cartilaginous in course of evolution
  • muscles innervated by the SVE developed from these
74
Q

what makes the optic nerve different from the other cranial nerves

A

it contains axons of sensory neurons derived from the neural tube
-optic nerve derives from diencephalon and connects to the retina

75
Q

cranial nerves with motor functions

A

-motor neurons have their cell bodies in brainstem cranial nerve nuclei that resemble ventral horn of spinal cord

76
Q

cranial nerves with sensory function

A

-have cell bodies in cranial ganglia peripheral to the brain–> terminate in brainstem nuclei that resemble the dorsal horn

77
Q

Medulla (white matter and gray matter structures)

A
  • white: pyramids, dorsal columns, medial lemniscus

- gray: dorsal column nuclei, inferior olivary nucleus

78
Q

Pons (white matter and gray matter)

A

white: cerebellar peduncles
gray: pontine nucleus

79
Q

Midbrain (white matter and gray matter nuclei)

A
  • white: cerebral peduncle

gray: inferior colliclulus, superior colliclulus, red nucleus, substantia nigra

80
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles

81
Q

neural crest derived cells

A

-Schwann cells
-Chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
-Arachnoid cells
-pia matter cells
-multipolar postganglionic motor neurons of ANS
-Bipolar sensory neurons
-Pseudo-unipolar sensory neurons
-

82
Q

pyramids

A
  • of the medulla

- carry descending motor information from cortex to spinal cord (corticospinal)

83
Q

what structures separate the diencephalon from the telencephalon

A

internal capsule and the lateral ventricles

84
Q

name the 6 major cell groups within the thalamus

A

lateral, anterior, medial, midline, intralaminar, and reticular

85
Q

internal capsule

A

white matter structure

  • contains ascending fibers from thalamus to cortex
  • also contains descending fibers from cortex to the pontine nucleus, brainstem, and spinal cord
86
Q

name the pathway of corticospinal tract from cortex to its termination at ventral horn

A

cerebral cortex>internal capsule>cerebral peduncle>pons>pyramid>pyramidal decussation (crossover)>lateral column> ventral horn

87
Q

basal ganglia

A
  • telencephalic structures that participate in motor planning
  • consist of caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus (known together as the corpus striatum)
88
Q

coronal suture

A

-fuses frontal and parietal bones

89
Q

sagittal suture

A

fuses the two parietal bones at midline

90
Q

lamboid suture

A

fuses parietal and the occipital bones

91
Q

squamous suture

A

separates the temporal bone from the parietal and occipital bone

92
Q

longitudinal fissures

A

divides the cerebrum into two hemisheres

93
Q

lateral fissures

A

separates the temporal lobe from overlying cortices

94
Q

insula

A

-cortex buried deep inside lateral fissure

95
Q

central sulcus

A

divides primary somatosensory cortex from primary motor cortex

96
Q

cerebellum

A
  • involved in error correction of movement

- develops from rhombic lip of alar plateof metencephalon

97
Q

cerebellum is connected to the brainstem via

A

cerebellar peduncles

98
Q

describe layers of white and gray matter in cerebellum

A

-external: gray>white> deep cerebellar nuclei

99
Q

The main function of Divergence is

A

coordination

100
Q

the main function of convergence is

A

integration

Functional Neuranatomy (12 decks)

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