Block 1: Applied Animal Nutrition, Feedstuffs and Nutrients - Dr. French Flashcards
_________ has no provision for storage and must be provided through diet
Proteins + AA’s
___________ must be consumed to replace N loss
Dietary protein
How is the biological value of protein determined?
By the essential AA content
Processing of proteins ________ the digestibility and quality
LOWERS
What non-protein nitrogen is contained in feedstuffs that can distort the crude protein estimate?
- Ammonia
- Urea
- Nitrate
- Nitrite
- Purines
- Pyrimidines
_______ is toxic to animals and distorts crude protein estimate
MELAMINE
What clinical signs do you expect to see in an animal taking an excess protein diet?
Increased fecal odor
*** bc excess protein is a substrate for bacT fermentation
What are AA used for?
- Tissue protein synthesis
- Biosynthetic pathways
- Deamination
What is the primary energy source for ruminants?
Forage
What is taurine and why is it important?
AA
** essential for cats
- present only in free form
IMPT for:
- CNS
-Heart
-Ocular
-Repro
What are supplemental proteins for ruminants?
- Soybean meal
- Blood meal
- Feather meal
- Fish meal
- Dehydrated alfalfa
As body fat increases with the age of the animal, protein accretion _________
DECREASES
Young animals have higher _____ requirements than older animals
AA
What is the importance of Arginine?
- Key intermediate in urea cycle
** cats sensitive to deficiency
What is the importance of Glutamine/Glutamate?
- Key role in TCA cycle
- Production of antioxidant glutathione
What are the clinical signs of Calcium deficiency?
- Milk fever
- Lethargy
- Weak bo-nes
- Poor growth
What can lead to Calcium deficiency?
- Acid or sandy soils
- Grazing rapidly on growing grasses or cereals
- High grain supplementation
What can lead to Phophorus deficiency?
- Grazing on low P soils
- Grazing on low quality dead grass with LITTLE TO NO LEGUME
What are the clinical signs associated with phosphorus deficiency?
- Slow growth
- Decreased appetite
- Listlessness
- Poor fertility
______ is stored in the skeleton and is generally poorly remobilized
Magnesium
What are the clinical signs of Magnesium deficiency?
- Muscle spasms
- Trembling
- Nervousness
- GRASS TETANY - death
What can cause magnesium deficiency and grass tetany?
Grazing on lush pastures with HIGH K+
What aids in reducing the likelihood of magnesium deficiency?
Adequate fiber, Na+ intake, and energy
What macronutrient is important in sheep nutrition as it is needed for wool production?
Sulfur
What is a result of zinc deficiency in males?
Decreased libido
Deficiency in sulfur in sheep results in _________
- Decreased wool production
- Lack of crimp
- Poor fleece
_________ is a micro mineral that plays a key role in carb, protein, and lipid metabolism and improves immune function
Chromium
_______ is a micro mineral that plays a role as a precursor for synthesis of B12 by rumen microbes
Cobalt
What causes cobalt deficiency?
- Coastal soils
- Calcium rich soils
- Sandy soils
- Excess lime/lush pasture growth
What clinical signs are seen in cobalt deficiency?
- Phalaris staggers
- Ill thrift
- Weepy eyes
- Anemia
- Infertility
- Poor mothering
Excess ___________ is the main factor associated with copper deficiency
MOLYBDENUM
When black hair coat changes to red this is consistent with ___________ deficiency
Copper
What are examples of nutrients?
- Water
- Carbs
- Proteins
- Fats/lipids
- Minerals
- Vitamins
How is water quality measured?
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS
Water quality can be affected by ___________ (3)
- Minerals
- Nitrates
- Bacteria (Ex: E.coli)
How can digestible energy be calculated?
Gross Energy - fecal energy
How can metabolizable energy be calculated?
Digestible energy (Gross energy - fecal energy) - urine + methane (gas) energy
How can net energy be calculated?
Metabolizable energy - heat increment
What is the outcome of a high carb intake?
- High osmotic P
- Abd distension
- BacT overgrowth
- Gas production
What type of carbohydrate is used in prebiotics?
Oligosaccharides + Lactulose
