Bldg blocks of growth (ch 5)

Question 1

Endocrine glands

Answer 1

secrete hormones directly into the blood stream

Question 2

Pituitary gland

Answer 2

master endocrine gland and triggers the release of hormones from all other endocrine glands

• produces growth hormone
• Regulates growth from birth through adolescence; triggers adolescent growth spurt

Question 3

Thyroid gland

Answer 3

influences physical growth and development of central nervous system

• produces activating hormones
• Signal other endocrine glands such as ovaries and testes to secrete hormones

Question 4

Testes

Answer 4

Responsible for development of male reproductive system during prenatal period

• produces testosterone
• directs male sexual development during adolescence

Question 5

Ovaries

Answer 5

Responsible for regulating menstrual cycle

• Produces estrogen and progesterone
• estrogen directs female sexual development during adolescence

Question 6

Adrenal glands

Answer 6

Play a supportive role in the development of muscle and bones

• produces adrenal androgens
• contributes to sexual motivation

Question 7

Common features of a neuron

Answer 7

• Dendrites
• Long axon of neuron
• Synapse: Tiny gap where axon of one neuron makes connection with another neuron

Question 8

Dendrites:

Answer 8

branchy, bushy dendrites receive signals from other neurons

Question 9

Long axon of neuron:

Answer 9

transmits signal to other neurons

Question 10

Synapse:

Answer 10

Tiny gap where axon of one neuron makes connection with another neuron

Question 11

Critical or sensitive period:

Answer 11

time when development proceeds most rapidly, occurs during late prenatal period and early infancy

Question 12

Lateralization:

Answer 12

important feature of the developing organization of brain

• AKA asymmetry and specialization of functions
• Functions of two hemispheres diverge

Question 13

Left hemisphere

Answer 13

controls right side of body

• adept at sequential (step by step) processing needed for analytic reasoning and language processing
• Thinking

Question 14

Right hemisphere

Answer 14

• controls left side of body
• skilled at simultaneous processing of information needed for understanding spatial information and processing visual-motor information as well as the emotional content of information
• Emotional

Question 15

The aging brain - some processes

Answer 15

• Decrease in brain weight and volume
• Transmission of signals by atrophied neurons is less effective
• Declines in levels of neurotransmitters
• Formation of senile plaques
• Reduced blood flow to the brain

Question 16

Plasticity and growth make up for degeneration in the brain until people are in their …

Answer 16

70s and 80s

Question 17

Principles of Growth - Three principles

Answer 17

1. Cephalocaudal
2. Proximodistal
3. Orthogenic

Question 18

Cephalocaudal:

Answer 18

growth occurs in a head-to-tail direction

• early motor development follows this principle
• eg can lift heads before they can sit

Question 19

Proximodistal:

Answer 19

from center outward to the extremities

- activities in trunk mastered before fine gross motor skills

Question 20

Orthogenic:

Answer 20

Development starts globally and undifferentiated and moves toward increasing differentiation and hierarchical integration
- able to make a global response before a discriminated one

Question 21

Milestones of brain development (weight changes)

Answer 21

• At birth, brain weighs 25 percent of adult weight
• By age 2, the brain weighs 75 percent of its adult weight
• By age 5, brain weighs 90 percent of its adult weight

Question 22

Dynamic systems theory explains motor developments

Answer 22

• A “self-ogranizing” process in which children use the sensory feedback they receive when they try difference movements to modify their motor behavior in adaptive ways
• When children learn to walk, learning takes into account their biomechanical properties and characteristics of the environment they must navigate

Question 23

2 months - gross motor milestone

Answer 23

Lifts head up when lying on stomach

Question 24

3 mos - gross motor milestone

Answer 24

Rolls over from stomach to back; holds head steady when being carried

Question 25

4 mos - gross motor milestone

Answer 25

Grasps a cube or other small object

Question 26

5 mos - gross motor milestone

Answer 26

Sits without support toward end of month

Question 27

6 mos - gross motor milestone

Answer 27

Stands holding on to something

Question 28

7 mos - gross motor milestone

Answer 28

Rolls over from back to stomach and may begin to crawl or creep; shows thumb opposition

Question 29

8 mos - gross motor milestone

Answer 29

Pulls self up to standing position

Question 30

9 mos - gross motor milestone

Answer 30

Walks holding on to furniture; bangs two objects together

Question 31

10 mos - gross motor milestone

Answer 31

Plays clapping games (eg pat-a-cake)

Question 32

11 mos - gross motor milestone

Answer 32

Stands alone

Question 33

12 mos - gross motor milestone

Answer 33

Walks well alone; drinks from a cup

Question 34

Leading cause of infant death

Answer 34

congenital malformations, incl - heart defects - spinal bifida - Down syndrome - cleft palate

Question 35

Second leading cause of infant death

Answer 35

complications of prematurity | 1/3 of infant death

Question 36

Leading cause of death in children

Answer 36

Accidents | - car crashes

Question 37

In childhood, cephalocaudal and proximodistal principles prevail - true or false?

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Obesity rates have ____ over the past 30 years and are especially high among _____

Answer 38

Tripled; | minorities

Question 39

Adolescent growth spurt triggered by -

Answer 39

increase in level of growth hormones

Question 40

Increased production in ____ contributes to ____ in adolescents

Answer 40

adrenal androgens; | secondary sex characteristics of pubic/axillary hair

Question 41

Increased production of _____ is primarily responsible for secondary sex characteristics and sexual maturation

Answer 41

Gonadal hormones

Question 42

Tanner scale

Answer 42

Used to measure progression thru five stages of sexual maturity

Question 43

Advantages of early dev for boys

Answer 43

- judged to be socially competent, attractive, and self-assured

Question 44

Disadvantages of early dev for boys

Answer 44

- increased risk of earlier involvement in substance use and problem bx such as bullying, delinquency

Question 45

Late maturation for boys has...

Answer 45

more negative side effects - - more anxious - less secure - more behavioral and adjustment problems - lower achievement test scores

Question 46

Positive effects of late maturation for boys

Answer 46

- less likely to use alcohol

Question 47

early dev for girls is usually

Answer 47

more disadvantageous - subject of ridicule, higher level of bodily dissatisfaction - earlier engagement in sexual activities - higher levels of depression

Question 48

Adv/disadv of late dev for girls

Answer 48

Adv - good school performance | Dis - some anxiety

Question 49

Early versus late dev -- which groups are likely to find adolescence particularly disruptive?

Answer 49

Early-maturing girls | Late maturing boys

Question 50

Percentage of adolescents in poor physical shape

Answer 50

33% or 1/3

Question 51

Leading cause of deaths among teens

Answer 51

Unintentional injuries and violence

Question 52

__ of 4 high schoolers report occasional heavy or binge drinking

Answer 52

1 (of 4)

Question 53

Signs of aging noticeable by

Answer 53

age 40

Question 54

Middle-aged spread

Answer 54

extra weight | - associated with slower metabolism and insufficient physical exercise

Question 55

Healthcare cost of obesity

Answer 55

147 billion

Question 56

Good predictor of disability and ability to fxn in later life

Answer 56

Handgrip strength in middle age

Question 57

All older ppl report poor physiological functioning

Answer 57

FALSE

Question 58

Men w higher levels of testosterone tend to be more:

Answer 58

- sexually active | - aggressive

Question 59

Avg age for menopause

Answer 59

``` avg = 51 range = 45-54 ```

Question 60

In 2002, a large study found that HRT (hormone replacement therapy) was associated with...

Answer 60

increased risk for breast cancer, heart attack, and stroke

Question 61

Andropause is characterized by

Answer 61

decreasing levels of testosterone and sx's such as: - low libido - fatigue and lack of energy - erection probs - memory probs - loss of pubic hair

Question 62

Osteoporosis

Answer 62

loss of minerals | results in easily fractured bones

Question 63

Osteoarthritis

Answer 63

results from gradual deterioration of cartilage that cushions bones from rubbing together - most common complain among older adults

Question 64

Results from the nun study

Answer 64

level of education affected longevity and health | - nuns who were physically and mentally active lived longer and were healthier than less active nuns