Bladder Cancer Flashcards
Where does bladder cancer develop from?
Lining of bladder
What are the subtypes of bladder cancer? (3 things)
- TCC (transitional cell carcinoma) (90%)
- SCC (7%)
- Adenocarcinoma (3%)
What are the invasion types of bladder cancer? (3 things)
- Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (80%)
- Muscle-invasive bladder cancer
- Locally advanced / metastatic bladder cancer
What is Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer?
Doesn’t penetrate into deep layer of bladder wall
What is Muscle-invasive bladder cancer?
Penetrates into deeper layers of bladder wall
What is Locally advanced / metastatic bladder cancer?
Spreads beyond bladder distally
What are the layers of the bladder wall? (4 things)
INNER
1. Transitional epithelium (urothelium)
2. Lamina propria (CT)
3. Muscularis propria (muscular layer)
4. Fatty CT
OUTER
What are the risk factors for bladder cancer? (6 things)
- Smoking
- Age
- Male
- Aromatic amines exposure (rubber industry)
- Pelvic irradiation
- Schistosomiasis (for SCC subtype)
What are the clinical features of bladder cancer? (3 things)
- Painless haematuria (most common)
- Recurrent UTIs
- LUT symptoms (frequency / urgency)
What are some differentials that present similarly (haematuria) to bladder cancer? (3 things)
- UTI
- Renal calculi
- Prostate / renal cancer
What lab tests should be done for sus bladder cancer?
FBC
What would be seen in a FBC result of bladder cancer? (2 things)
- Leukocytosis (raised WCC)
- Anaemia
How should all patients with sus bladder cancer be investigated initially?
Cytoscopy (FLEXIBLE cytoscopy under LOCAL)
If a sus lesion is found @ initial cytoscopy of bladder cancer what should the next investigation be?
RIGID cytoscopy under GENERAL (for definitive assessment)
If a tumour is found in the rigid cytoscopy of bladder cancer what should the next investigation be?
Biopsy + resection (via TURBT)