black civil rights from 1955 Flashcards
Brown vs board of education and how it was hindered
1954
-desegregation of schools, seperation of white and black students harmful
-most famous NAACP case
-10 years later only 1 in 100 black children were in integrated schools in the south
key NAACP legal cases
-1926 sweet trial
-1936 Murray v maryland
1946 morgan v virginia
-1948 shelly v kraemar
-1954 brown vs board of educations
direct action 40s and 50s
-CORE (series of sit ins in northern cities) chicago 1942, St Louis 1949, Baltimore 1952- to desegregate public facilities
-CORE and Fellowship for Reconciliation: rode interstate buses through southern states vurginia, north carolina, tenessee and Kentucky to desegregate them
CORE sit in 40s and 50
-northern cities sit ins to desegregate public facilities
-chicago 1942
-st louis 1949
-baltimore 1942
-CORE and Fellowship for Reconciliation
1947
rode interstate buses through southern states vurginia, north carolina, tenessee and Kentucky to desegregate them
when was core set up
1942
Montgomery bus boycott
1955
-people saw brutality i media
-december 1st 1955 Rosa parks arrested for sitting front of a bus refusing to give her seat to a white male
-NAACP lawyers took her case
-next day MIA (montgomery improvement association) set up, MLK was leader- MIA handed out leaflets, held meetings and organised other travel methods
-5th Dec bus boycott began (impactful as over 75% of bus users were black and 90% of them boycotted-lasted 380 days)
-gov imprisoned MLK and others for conspirtacy boycott continued
-1556 bus segregation ruled unconstitutional
when was bus segregation ruled unconstitutional
1956
Martin Luther King Jr.
became face of black civil rights
-media conscious
-refined non violent protest rules (arrested publically and going peacfully, accept as many whites as possible to protests, violent blacks harm the cause)
set up MIA, led birmingham campaigns and led washington marches
Little Rock, Arkansas
-southern campaign
-1952
-racist governer Faubus didnt want integrated schools
-1957, nine black children selected by daisy bates NAACP leader to go to all white school
-on their first day faubus sent national guard to stop them goiung
-8 children went by car and 1 went on own, surrounded by screaming mob
-photographs of incident shocked world
-eisenhower reluctantly sent federal troops to guard chilfren
SNCC
-SET UP 1960
-Racially integrated organisation of young people
-took training sessions on how to cope with violence from whites during protests
-protested in areas that were expected to have a violent reaction
-encouraged voter registration by sending ‘field secretaries’ to live and work in violent parts of south
Freedom rides
1961
-CORE and SNCC carried out freedom rides in south (organised by james farmer- CORE) to test if bus restroom facilities were actually desegregated after 1961 supreme court ruling
-7 blacks and 6 whites left washington on two public buses heading for Deep South
-first 2 buses were attacked
-in Alabama a bus was firebombed after being chased by 50 cars inc police
-imprisoned in Birmingham and beaten up in montgomery- 3 were killed
Greensboro sit in (southern)
-1960
-4 black students went to all white resteraunt in woolworths and went to white segregated counter and waited there until store shut
-next day returned with 30 others and day after (nearly all seats occupied by black students)-screamed at and food thrown on them
-promptrd more people in south to copy Greensboro example (54 sit ins emerged in south)
March on washington
-1963
-aimed to encourage civil rights bill and executive action to increase black employment
-SCLC, SNCC, CORE, NAACP worked all together
-250,000 marched (50,000 white)
Birmigham campaign
1963
-King led campaign to desegregate town (knew it would provopke violence)
-a tactic was to get as many arrested as possible to overrun jails
-racist chief of police ‘bull’ connor ordered men to use high pressure hoses and dogs (on women and children also)
-may 1963 desegregation of lunch counters, restrooms, water fountains, store fitting rooms in 90 days- and everyone to be released from jail
achievements of march on washington
-forced kennedy to start working on civil rights bill
-positive media coveragain (sympathy gained)
-shown across world
-MLK ‘i have a dream’ speech
-civil rights leaders began working closely w gov
freedom summer
1964
SNCC and CORE pushed for voter registration, sent large numbers of volunteers to south (esp. Mississippi)
due to literacy tests only 6.2% were already registered
-17,000 registered to vote but only 1600 accepted
-campaign for freedom schools resulted in KKK killing 20 blacks
-2 white 1 black volutneer found dead and beaten, by summer 3 more murders and 35 shooting incidents
impact of black militancy
SNCC changed face of campaignand advocated black militancy
-malcom X
Malcom X
born in Michigan
-family terrorised by KKK and father murdered
-advocated self defence and thought white people shouldnt be involved
-first to stir up black militancy nationwide
-assassinated 1965
black power movement
1965 movement split, not a coherant force
-1965 stokely Carmichel set up Lowndes Country Freedom organisation as he didnt want to vote for white southerners
-wanted radicalisation and replaced ‘freedom’ slogan to black power
stokely Carmichael
leader of SNCC
set up Lowndes Country Freedom organisation as he didnt want to vote for white southerners
-wanted radicalisation and replaced ‘freedom’ slogan to black power
BLACK PANTHERS 1966
-Identified by panther symbol
-worked in black communities keeping order
-wore uniform and carried guns
-10 point programme
-based on idea of black power (subsequentally radicalised many civil rights groups)
-push for qual jobs pay and opportunities
major riots and their impacts 1964
NYC, CHICAGO, PHILIDELPHIA
set off by police brutality
media coverage showed whites assulting blacks
–
Northern Crusade
1966
-King focused on north post 1964
-crusade to improve slums (and working conditions and teaching of non violent protests) after 20 slum riots in 1966 summer
-focus on chicago as 800,000 in ghettos
-arguable fail as brought no permenant change
