minority rights (saf attempt) Flashcards
before native american civil rights took off who managed gov policies towards native americans
the Burea of Indian Affairs
how did roosevelt reverse the trend of assimilation of native americans
under his Indian new deal (wanted indian tribes but thought they should be run in a ‘constitutional way’, under tribal councils)
what happened to federal policy towards native americans after roosevelt
federal policy became an assimilation again; the BIA encouraged native americans to move to towns and cities for work, offering job training and housing BUT disrupting tribal culture)
what did the house of representitives pass in 1953 (native americans)
passed a resolution for termination
(many native americans resisted termination, until under a later ruling termination needed a tribes consent
when were about half of native americans living in towns or cities
1970
what was termination
a policy by which native americans were freed from federal control and were protected by us federal and state laws, but triabal lands would be given up for sale
what were the main issues covered in the Native American fight for civil rights?
TRIBAL HOMELANDS
-Many were moved from their tribal lands due to the Indian removal act of 1830
-by 1960s indian removal act was widely seen as unfair
-many wanted new treaties or even to return to their homelands
SELF DETERMINATION
-native americans distrustful of BIA and wanted to run own affairs
what was the 1830 indian removal act
-Many were moved from their tribal lands due to the Indian removal act of 1830
-federal gov gave tribes money for their land (treaties by force)
how did the BIA try to break up Native American culture
-setting up of indian boarding schools from 1893 onwards (made to speak only English, cut hair, not wear traditional clothes and give up customs)
older children placed with farm workers in east and midwest
what did the 1968 Indian civil rights act do
banned tribes from restricting the civil rights of tribal members (didnt adress the fed gov issue0
when did Native americans set up AIM and what was it (techniques, aims etc)
1968 (same year as 1968 Indian civil rights act)
AIM (american indian movement)
members mostly young urban ppl
radical stance and the slogan ‘red power’
AIMS
-specific issue with homelands (targeted disputed land for occupation)
-targeted the demeaning of their culture
TECHNIQUE
consciously adopted black american civil rights direct action techniques: sit ins, demonstrations, occupation
what were the two big Native american civil rights organisations
AIM and The National Congress of Indian Americans
MAJOR NATIVE AMERICAN PROTESTS
THE ALCATRAZ RED POWER MOVEMENT 1969
alcatraz red power movement took over alcatraz island (former US prison) and occupied it until 1971
1971 AIM PROTEST
AIM protests at white boy scouts preforming ‘Indian dances’ in Topeka, Kansas
1972 AIM TRAIL OF BROKEN TREATIES
a protest drive carried out by aim to washington to protest outside the BIA (about their management of issues, like not renogating the government treates in the indian revoval act of 1830)
resulted in the occupation of the BIA building
1973 AIM OCCUPATTION OF THE VILLIAGE OF WOUNDED KNEE
aim occupies villiage of wounded knee (gov sent Marshalls and state police: lasted 71 days) aim only withdrew once gov agreed to investigate their demands
1978 LONGEST WALK FROM SAN FRANSICO TO WASHINGTON
-walk from san fransisco to washington to protests about the removal of american indians from their homelands (congress prevoiously stated unwilling to renogotiage treaties made in 1830)
THE ALCATRAZ RED POWER MOVEMENT
1969
alcatraz red power movement took over alcatraz island (former US prison) and occupied it until 1971
membership of aim in 1971
hit 4,500 (only 1 mil native americans in US)
1971 AIM PROTEST
AIM protests at white boy scouts preforming ‘Indian dances’ in Topeka, Kansas
LONGEST WALK FROM SAN FRANSICO TO WASHINGTON
1978 LONGEST WALK FROM SAN FRANSICO TO WASHINGTON
-walk from san fransisco to washington to protests about the removal of american indians from their homelands (congress prevoiously stated unwilling to renogotiage treaties made in 1830)
1972 AIM TRAIL OF BROKEN TREATIES
1972 AIM TRAIL OF BROKEN TREATIES
a protest drive carried out by aim to washington to protest outside the BIA (about their management of issues, like not renogating the government treates in the indian revoval act of 1830)
resulted in the occupation of the BIA building
AIM OCCUPATTION OF THE VILLIAGE OF WOUNDED KNEE
1971 AIM OCCUPATTION OF THE VILLIAGE OF WOUNDED KNEE
aim occupies villiage of wounded knee (gov sent Marshalls and state police: lasted 71 days) aim only withdrew once gov agreed to investigate their demands
nixon reaction to native american rights
sympathised, thought it was easier to make changes for them than black americans due to difference in population
rejected both termination and forced assimilation
advisors consulted tribal leaders
passed bills through congressfor indian autonomy
what were the bills passed for native american rights in 70s
1972 INDIAN EDUCATION ACT (funding for tribal schools)
1974 INDIAN FINANCING ACT(lent tribes funding)
1975 INDIAN SELF DETERMINATION ACT (kept bia but made health and education services
1975 VOTING RIGHTS ACT EXTENSION (covered more racial groups inc native americans and provided language assistance when voting)
1972 INDIAN EDUCATION ACT
(funding for tribal schools)
1974 INDIAN FINANCING ACT
(lent tribes funding)
1975 INDIAN SELF DETERMINATION ACT
(kept bia but made health and education services
1975 VOTING RIGHTS ACT EXTENSION
(covered more racial groups inc native americans and provided language assistance when voting)
LAND RETURNS IN 1970
congress returned blue lake in 1970
some land returns in 70s but only after use of occupation
what did nixons administration not do for native americans
reform the BIA
Hispanic civil rights key issues covered
LAND
-after the american mexican war (1846-48) the border was settled between mexico and USA by treaty of guadalupe Hidalgo (mexicans living in areas that became american became us citizens or moved to mexico)
WORKERS RIGHTS
hispanic farm workers, esp those in bacero program, were abused and forced to pay for less (illegal immigrants)
DISCRIMINATION
-had to live in spanish speaking areasin worst part of town (often lived near african americans and experienced same discrimination)
DEPORTATION
operation wetback
what was the bracero programme
1942-64
garunteed mexicans the same waes as existing workers but didnt always work and were forced to work for lower wages
Cesar Chavez
main concern workers rights
fought non violent campaigns for rights of farm workers
set up a farm workers union and organised strikes, marches and protests (travelled widely)
Tijerina
organised protests abt mexican land rights in New Mexico
(started with legal protests then switched to marches, mass demonstrations and camp-ins on national forest land)
him and black power leaders signed an agreement to work together
Roldolfo Gonzales
focused on race
came to favour radical methods: His crusade for justice influenced a student walkout in LA in 1966
had contacts with black power movement
JOSE ANGEL GUTIERREZ
leader of la raza unida party (encourged hispanics to vote and provided them with party candidate to vote for) SIMILAR TO FREEDOM SUMMER
The Brown Berets
a young militant organisation (hispanic rights)
set up in east LA and members wore uniform- INFLUENCE OF THE BLACK PANTHERS
campaigned against police brutality and led walkouts
when did chavez set up national farm workers association
1962
when were the brown berets set up
1967
MAJOR HISPANIC AMERICAN PROTESTS
1965 DELANO GRAPE STRIKE
delano grape strike of national farm workers association
1967 NATIONAL GRAPE BOYCOTT
UFWOC urges national grape boycott
1968 LA SCHOOL WALKOUT
10,000 students walk out of mexican schools in LA
1971 BROWN BERETS MARCH
march 1,000 miles to protest police brutality and discrimination
1972 CHAVEZ FAST
chavez fasts in arizona for farm labour
Young lords association
young peurto ricas in chicago set up young lords association
moddled from the black panthers down to breakfasts for school children
when did the national grape strike end
1970
when did the supreme court rule that hispanics were equal
1954
1966 Congress’s Cuban American Adjustment act
all cubs who had lived in us for a year were citizens
chavez outcome
made a big difference to conditions of farm workers
outcome of land issues
still not settled
what discrimination did gay’s suffer
restraunts and bars wouldnt serve them and hotels wouldnt take them
the lavendar scare
what did congress say about homosexuality in the 1950s
that homosexuality was a mental illness provoking the lavandar scare (parallel to red scare)
thousands lost jobs
how was the gay movement formed (stonewall riot)
formed after the incident at the Stonewall inn in Grenwich villiage in 1969
stonewall inn- police raided gay bar (supposedly for breaking liqour licence rules) police was too rough with one of the customers and 400 people started to fight back and police had to barricade themselves inside the bar for safety and then there were protests for several nights after
issue of gay rights exploded over next few weeksand the gay liberation front was set up (carried out large peaceful protests
when was the gay liberation from set up and what were their techniques
1969- after stonewall riots
peaceful protests for gay rights, marches
1970 new york gay pride march
held 10,000 marchers
gay pride hostility
rural areas in south
conservatives
ku klux klan
why did gay rights movement spread so rapidly
liberal climate of 60s and 70s, counter culture
where did gay communities spring up
san fransico
what did polls suggest in 1977 about gay rights
that over 50% supported gay rights
successes of gay rights
1974- Kathy kozachenko became first openly gay candidate to be elected into public office
1977- Harvey milk was elected to office in san fransico (openly gay and supported many minority rights
between 1979 and 1981 the gov of california appointed 4 openly gay judges
when was harvey milk elected to office and when was he assassinated
1977- Harvey milk was elected to office in san fransico
spoke out on struggles of gay rights
assassinated alongside pr gay mayor of san fransisco in 1979
marches in 1970
marches in newy york, chicago, San fransico and Los Angeles on stonewall anniversary: first ever gay pride
when did the american psychiatric association remove homosexuality from its list of mental illnesses
1973
what happened to harvey milks assassin and what happened as a result
only given 7 years in prison (leniency due to milk being gay)
RESULT:5000 protesters in san fransico city hall, riots broke out and 120 were injured (could be seen as black riot influence)
when was the march on washington for gay rights
1979, 100,000 ppl urging legislation for equal rights
when did democratic party say they would campaign for gy rights
1980
SOC
said gay integration would mean ‘norma’ children would be corrupted
