minority rights Flashcards
How did the US government manage Native American affairs before FDR?
The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) implemented regulations to break up tribal culture and cohesion.
What was the Indian Removal Act and when was it passed?
The Indian Removal Act was passed in 1930 and forcibly relocated many Native Americans through treaties made with individual tribes.
What did the Indian New Deal do?
It provided funds to build schools and hospitals, created an ‘Indian’ CCC, and reversed the trend of assimilation of tribes.
How were Native Americans treated post-FDR?
Federal policy became assimilation again, and the BIA encouraged them to move to towns and cities for work, disrupting tribal culture.
What was termination and how did Native Americans respond to it?
Termination, passed in 1953, freed Native Americans from federal control but put tribal lands up for sale. Many resisted this policy.
How many Native Americans lived in towns and cities by 1970 and why was this significant?
By 1970, half of all Native Americans lived in towns and cities, which was significant as it marked a shift from traditional tribal life.
What was the Indian Civil Rights Act (1968)?
It gave individual Native Americans rights based on the Bill of Rights but led to forced assimilation by removing power from Indigenous governments.
What was the American Indian Movement (AIM) and why was it created?
AIM was created in retaliation to the Indian Civil Rights Act and comprised mostly of young urban people with a grassroots, radical, anti-federal stance.
From which movement did AIM adopt their techniques and what were they?
AIM adopted techniques from the black civil rights movement, including sit-ins, demonstrations, and occupations.
What are two examples of Red Power occupations?
The Alcatraz Red Power Movement (1969-71) and the occupation of Wounded Knee village in February 1973.
What are two examples of Red Power demonstrations?
The Trail of Broken Treaties (1972) and The Longest Walk from San Francisco to Washington (1978).
How did AIM fight the appropriation of Native American culture?
AIM challenged the ‘Red Indian’ pastiches and protested against cultural appropriation.
How did Nixon feel about the Red Power movement?
Nixon was sympathetic to the cause and thought it would be easier to achieve change for Native Americans than for black Americans.
What 5 examples of legislative change did the Red Power movement achieve?
The 1972 Indian Education Act, 1974 Indian Financing Act, 1975 Indian Self-Determination Act, 1975 Voting Rights Act extension, and 1978 Indian Religious Freedom Act.
What successes did the Red Power movement see with having land returned?
Land at Blue Lake was returned to the Taos Pueblo tribe in 1970, and the 1971 Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act transferred land and funds to Native Alaskans.
What were the limitations of the Red Power movement?
Nixon’s government did not reform the BIA nor renegotiate about Native American sacred sites, and no overall solution to land issues was found.
Where did most Hispanic people tend to live in the US?
Puerto Ricans lived in poor areas of Northern cities, Cubans in Florida, and Mexicans mainly in California and Texas.
What was the bracero program?
A Mexican immigration program (1942-64) where 4.6 million Mexicans signed contracts to work in exchange for guaranteed housing and wages.
Why did farm workers not like the Mexicans brought over on the Bracero program?
They resented Mexicans for working for lower wages, which they believed stole jobs from other farm workers.
What were the 4 focuses of the Hispanic civil rights movement?
Land, worker’s rights, discrimination, and deportation.
Why did the Hispanic rights movement focus on land?
The issue of land rights in New Mexico became a focus of protest after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848.
Why did the Hispanic rights movement focus on worker’s rights?
Hispanic farm workers often faced awful working conditions and lacked union representation.
Why did the Hispanic rights movement focus on discrimination?
Many Hispanic individuals faced racial discrimination and lived in ‘barrios’ in poor urban areas.
Why did the Hispanic rights movement focus on deportation?
Post-1953, US immigration services deported millions, including US citizens active in protests.
What did Cesar Chavez do as part of his non-violent campaign for working conditions for farm workers?
He set up the NFWA union in 1962, organized rallies, and led the Delano grape strike in 1966.
What did Reies López Tijerina organize in Mexico?
He organized protests about Mexican land rights and led demonstrations and camp-ins on National Forest land.
How did Rodolpho Gonzales focus his campaigning on race and why did he switch to more radical methods?
Initially fought within the system but switched to more radical methods when he founded the Crusade for Justice.
Who were the Brown Berets?
A young militant group established in LA in 1966 that campaigned against police brutality and led school walkouts.
What are some examples of Brown Beret demonstrations?
The June 1968 walkout of 10,000 students over conditions in LA Mexican schools.
How did José Angel Gutiérrez work through political influence?
He marched 1000 miles from Calexico to Sacramento protesting police brutality and discrimination.
How did the Hispanic civil rights movement tackle education?
Luis Valdez set up El Teatro Campesino in 1965 to educate workers about their rights.
How united was the Hispanic civil rights movement?
Various groups fought in different ways but interacted a lot for the same aims.
What 4 examples of legislative change did the Hispanic civil rights movement achieve?
The 1966 Cuban Adjustment Act, 1974 Equal Opportunities Act, 1975 Voting Rights Act extension, and 1975 Californian Agricultural Labour Relations Act.
What gain did Hispanic civil rights see in the Supreme Court?
In 1973, the Supreme Court upheld the ‘equal provision of education’ case against a Texas school.
What were the limitations to the Hispanic civil rights movement?
The Cuban Adjustment Act did not apply to other Hispanic people, and land issues raised by protesters remain unsettled.
Why did people fear gay people in the early 20th century?
They were not part of a visible racial group, leading to fear and suspicion.
What was the Mattachine Society?
An early national gay rights organization established in Los Angeles in 1951 to promote greater tolerance.
What were the attitudes to homosexuality in the 1950s?
Congress labeled homosexuality as a mental illness, leading to the Lavender Scare and loss of jobs for many.
How did the aims of gay civil rights activists change in the 1960s?
They began to conceive of themselves as an oppressed minority community influenced by the black civil rights movement.
What was the issue with legislation and how did gay rights campaigners deal with it?
Legislation was a state matter, so campaigners used human rights law to argue for rights based on the 1964 Civil Rights Act.
What were the aims of gay civil rights campaigners?
To end homophobia, discrimination in the workplace, and to gain greater freedom and representation.
What were the Stonewall Riots?
A police raid on the Stonewall Inn on June 28, 1969, where 400 people fought back against police brutality.
Why was Stonewall so significant for the gay rights movement?
It triggered the gay rights movement despite receiving little media coverage.
What is an example of a peaceful protest conducted by gay rights activists?
In 1966, a ‘sip-in’ was held at a New York bar refusing to serve gays, leading to a ruling that they must be served.
What was the Gay Liberation Front and what was its impact?
Set up in the weeks after Stonewall, it organized peaceful protests and gained significant support for gay rights.
What and when was the National March on Washington for gay and lesbian rights?
In 1979, at least 100,000 people marched for equal rights and protective legislation.
What was the impact of counter-culture and liberalism in the late 60s and 70s on gay civil rights?
It contributed to the visibility and support for the gay rights movement.
How did public opinion on gay people change in the late 70s?
Public opinion began to shift towards greater acceptance and support for gay rights.
Who led the early gay rights movement?
Marsha P Johnson and Sylvia Rivera.
What event triggered the gay rights movement in 1966?
A ‘sip in’ was held at a New York bar refusing to serve gays, leading to the NYC commission on human rights ruling that gays must be served.
What did the police do after the Stonewall riots?
They organized peaceful protests for gay rights and worked with grassroots local gay rights groups.
How many people marched for equal rights in 1979?
At least 100,000 people.
What was a significant outcome of the gay rights movement?
It provided a model for how to live outside the norm.
Where did gay communities appear in the USA?
San Francisco, NYC (Greenwich Village), Chicago, and Seattle.
What did polls in 1977 indicate about public opinion on gay rights?
50% of people believed in equal rights for gays.
Who was the first openly gay candidate elected to public office?
Kathy Kozachenko on the city council in Ann Arbor, Michigan in 1974.
What was Proposition 6?
A proposed ban of gays and lesbians from working in California public schools, which was rejected.
Who was Harvey Milk?
The first openly gay man to be elected to public office in San Francisco local government.
What happened to Harvey Milk a year after his election?
He was assassinated.
What was the outcome of the assassination of Harvey Milk?
Dan White, the assassin, was only given 7 years in prison, possibly due to Milk being gay.
What happened after Milk’s assassination?
Over 5000 protestors marched on San Francisco’s city hall, leading to rioting and over 120 injuries.
When was the first Gay Pride held?
On the Stonewall anniversary on 28th August 1970.
What was significant about the New York march in 1970?
The New York march alone had 10,000 participants.
What was the first pro-gay Supreme Court ruling?
In 1958, the court refused to let the postal service ban a gay magazine as ‘obscene’.
What did the American Psychiatric Institute do in 1974?
Removed homosexuality from their list of mental illnesses.
What happened between 1979-81 regarding openly gay judges?
The governor of California appointed four openly gay state judges.
What was Save Our Children (SOC)?
An organization that petitioned against a 1977 anti-discrimination proposition in Florida.
What was the backlash to the gay rights movement?
SOC projected the image of gay people actively recruiting by preying on the young, leading to similar local proposals.
What were some limitations of the gay rights movement?
It often focused on gay men, sidelining lesbian rights, and faced increased opposition from the religious right.
