Birmingham Flashcards
How did OPEC influence Birmingham’s structural change?
It sold the UK less oil which drove up oil prices which caused factories to close. It did this because the UK supported Israel instead of the Arab countries in the 1970s arab-Israeli conflict
What role did TNCs play in Birmingham’s economic decline?
TNCs from emerging countries put pressure on Birmingham.
What role did Japanese car manufactorers play in Birmingham’s strucutral economic change?
Japanese cars were seen as being more reliable/ better value for money which caused the vehicle industry in Birmingham to go into decline
Why did no one want to go to Birmingham?
It was public knowledge that it was declinig due to strikes and unions
What role did Birmingham’s local authority play in its economic decline?
It knocked the factories down and replace them with neweer ones that no one could afford
What happened to Birmingham’s unemployment rate from 1960-1980
In 1960 it was 1% but in 1980 it was 19%
Why were 11000 substandard houses built just outside of the centre of Birmingham
During WW2 5000 homes were destroyed, leaving many people homeless so 110000 houses were quickly built to fix this
What did the relocation of people after ww2 do to the central zone?
It cleared the central zone of residential land causing the city to expand. It response, a green belt was established which rose house prices.
What caused the unofficial racial segregation?
In the ’50s there was a lot of immigration and the immigrants settled in cheaper housing in the city centre but white people were living in the outskirts
What did the local government do to regenerate Birmingham?
- They built the National exhibition centre and expanded the airport to attract more investment
- Money from the European regional development fund has gone to improving insulation in run down social housing and start up businesses
What role did flagshipship developments play in regenerating Birmingham
- Bull ring redevelopment in the 1960s was Europe’s 1st major indoor shopping centre which contributes to its status
- Barclays centre attracts conferences internationally which encourages the construction of hotels , restaurants and leisure. Multiplier effect.
What role did transport play in regenerating Birmingham?
- HS2 will link Birmingham to London and would take 50 mins to get between the two. Creates 5000 jobs
- New street railway station- redevelopment create 1000 jobs. Involves the national rail which are private developers
How much will the HS2 cost?
£20 billion
How much will the new street railway station cost?
£700 million
% of workforce working in metals goods and vehicles in 1978
28.4%
% of workforce working in metal goods and vehicles in 2000
5.8%
% of workforce working in finance and business services in 1978
7.3%
% of workforce working in finance and business services in 2000
21.4%
Where do the majority of the Muslim pop. live?
Inner city
Where does the majority of the Christian pop. live?
Outskirts
Where do the majority of white people live?
The outskirts (ethnic enclaves)
Where do the majority of ethnic minorities live?
The inner city (ethnic enclaves)
How many Muslims were in Birmingham in 2011?
234 000
Give two examples of celebrations in Birmingham
Eid
Caribbean style Birmingham International Carnival
% of Pakistani people in birmingham
13.5
% of Pakistani people in england (average)
2.1
What % of the workforce is employed in the service sector?
88%
Levels of unemployment
Among the highest in England.
10% of economically active are unemployed
Air pollution pre 1970s. Regulation? Hospitals? Nicknames?
Barely regulated which caused chronic health issues
27% of all patients at Birmingham Veterans Hospital had emphysema
Nickname for Birmingham: ‘smoke city’
Air pollution in Birmingham now
Rated as moderate: air quality is acceptable but there may be a moderate risk for people with exceptionally high sensitivities to certain pollutants.
2020 unemployment rate vs English average
Birmingham: 8%
England average: 5%
% of people in manufactoring in 1971
47%
% of people in services in 1971
45%
% of people in manufactoring in 2006
11%
% of people in services in 2006
85%
