biotechnology

Question 1

restriction enzymes

Answer 1

used to remove a target gene from one organism and inserting into the genome of a suitable host

Question 2

where does restriction enzymes cut

Answer 2

at specific locations called restriction sites

Question 3

types of cuts from restriction enzymes

Answer 3

restriction enzymes cut straight across the enzyme and create blunt ends with no exposed based, other cut in an offset way to create sticky ends with exposed bases

Question 4

results of the restriction enzyme cutting

Answer 4

restriction fragments are made in varying lengths

Question 5

what is done with restriction fragments after

Answer 5

immersed in a solution with gene probes

Question 6

gene probes properties

Answer 6

single stranded (DNA or RNA), has complementary nucleotide sequence to target gene, and is radioactive/flourescently marked to indicated the gene is bound to the target gene

Question 7

recombinant DNA

Answer 7

uses a vector (plasmid) to insert target gene into the genome of the host

Question 8

common vector utilised

Answer 8

plasmids

Question 9

process of recombinant DNA being formed

Answer 9

plasmid isolated from original host bacteria, cut by the SAME restriction enzyme used to remove the target gene, restriction enzyme leaves sticky ends on both plasmid and target gene, allowing target gene to form hydrogen bonds with complementary bases on the plasmid

Question 10

what does ligase do

Answer 10

join the target gene to the plasmid forming recombinant DNA

Question 11

bacterial plasmids

Answer 11

contain genes that have resistance to some antibotics, insertion of the target gene will be added into one of these resistance genes

Question 12

bacterial transformation

Answer 12

recombinant DNA mixed with the cells of a host

Question 13

common hosts of bacterial transformation

Answer 13

bacteria or yeast

Question 14

how bacterial transformation occurs

Answer 14

through electroporation where the host cell is shocked with electrical energy to form holes in the cell membrane where the plasmid DNA can enter the cell

Question 15

What is bacteria containing target gene called

Answer 15

transcribed, where they are cultured and grown

Question 16

why are viruses used as vectors sometimes

Answer 16

as they are able to transfer genetic material to host

Question 17

how viruses transfer target gene to host

Answer 17

the target gene is inserted into the viral genome, the virus is used to infect the host cells genome with the target gene

Question 18

Transgenic plants

Answer 18

genes are located and inserted into a bacteria plasmid using gene probes and restriction enzymes. The DNA from the plasmid is inserted into the plant cell where it inserts itself into the plant chromosome.

Question 19

types of vectors

Answer 19

uses microinjection, plasmids and viruses

Question 20

CRISPR

Answer 20

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats

Question 21

where did CRISPR originate from

Answer 21

bacteria used in defence against viruses

Question 22

Cas 9 (CRISPR associated protein 9)

Answer 22

the guide RNA is loaded onto cas 9, which is able to cut DNA at a specific site corresponding to the target DNA, destroying the target DNA

Question 23

gRNA

Answer 23

guide RNA has nucleotide sequence complementary to the target DNA and bonds with the target DNA helps cas 9 to locate the target DNA

Question 24

CRISPR/cas9 use in biotechnology

Answer 24

gene editing (switching genes off and on), editing faulty genes (potential to cure cancer)

Question 25

benifits of CRISPR

Answer 25

quickly edited, inexpensive, specific and accurate

Question 26

limitations of CRISPR

Answer 26

cuts made by cas 9 can be repaired before gene is inserted, unwanted cuts if target nucleotide sequence occurs more than once