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Prev Med > Biostatistics & Epidemiology > Flashcards

Biostatistics & Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

This refers to the entire group of interest.

A

Population

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2
Q

A subset of the population?

A

Sample

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3
Q

Researchers noted blood glucose levels of each subject after administration of the new drug. This is an example of what type of data collection?

A

Primary Source

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4
Q

A study involves retrospective analysis of patient records obtained from the hospitals database. This is an example of what type of data collection?

A

Secondary Source

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5
Q

More often than not, coffee drinkers are also smokers and because of this , coffee drinkers have higher risk of lung cancer development. What variable is present?

A

Confounding

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6
Q

This refers to the probability that someone who tested positive for the disease actually has the disease.

A

Positive Predictive Value

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7
Q

This is the ability of a test to correctly tag someone with the disease as positive.

A

Sensitivity

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8
Q

This is the ability of a test to correctly tag someone without the disease as negative?

A

Specificity

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9
Q

This refers to the probability that someone who tested negative for the disease has no disease?

A

Negative Predictive Value

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10
Q

If a study compares the heart rates of athletes before and after training , what is the most appropriate statistical test?

A

Paired Test

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11
Q

What is the most appropriate statistical test if you want to compare the effects of three different concentrations of beta-blockers on the heart rate?

A

Analysis of Variance

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12
Q

Chi-square test is used for what type of data?

A

Categorical

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13
Q

Statistical test used by a medical student who wants to know the correlation between the age of the members of a community and their level of income?

A

Pearson Test

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14
Q

Statistical Test to be used in comparing CD4 levels of HIV patients before and after taking a novel anti-retroviral drug?

A

Paired T-Test

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15
Q

Study design to be used if a person wants to know her appearance, educational attainment, and work experience affect the chances that she will be employed?

A

Chi-square

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16
Q

If the outlying values are small resulting in a mean that is smaller than the median, we can say that the distribution is skewed to the _______.

A

Left

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17
Q

A test failed to declare that there is a significant association between vaping and development of lung disease when there actually is. What type of error is present?

A

Type II error

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18
Q

This error refers to falsely rejecting the null when it’s actually true?

A

Type I error

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19
Q

This is a sensitive indicator of the standard of healthcare?

A

Swaroop’s Index

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20
Q

Denominator of Maternal mortality rate?

A

Number of live births

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21
Q

Average of all values ?

A

Mean

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22
Q

Value occurring most often in a set of data?

A

Mode

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23
Q

Middle most value in a set of data?

A

Median

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24
Q

Examples of discrete variable ? (3)

A
  1. Household size
  2. Number of medical schools
  3. Hospital bed capacity
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25
Q

Are finite number of values possible and of use of whole number ?

A

Discrete variable

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26
Q

Are usually associated with physical measurements, values can be fractions or decimals?

A

Continuous Variable

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27
Q

Characteristics of proportion as tool of demography? (3)

A
  1. Special type of ratio
  2. Can be written as percentage
  3. Numerator is part of denominator
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28
Q

Most sensitive index of the health status in the community ?

A

Infant mortality rate

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29
Q

Measures death in <28 days of age in a calendar year due to prenatal or genetic factors?

A

Neonatal mortality rate

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30
Q

Depicts level of healthcare in the community , poor maternal care , malnutrition, and poor environmental sanitation?

A

Infant Mortality Rate

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31
Q

This measures the killing power of the disease?

A

Case fatality rate

Higher CFR= More Fatal Disease

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32
Q

This is the denominator used in general fertility rate?

A

15-44 years old

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33
Q

Inferential statistics used in Cohort studies?

A

Relative Risk

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34
Q

Inferential statistics used in Case Control studies?

A

Odds Ratio

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35
Q

Phase of clinical research which involves a small number of healthy individuals?

A

Phase I

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36
Q

What Phase of clinical research includes a small number of patients with the disease ?

A

Phase II

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37
Q

This is the average distance of each item from the mean ?

A

Standard deviation

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38
Q

Formula for the coefficient of variation?

A

SD/ Mean x 100

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39
Q

What study design provides the greatest justification for conducting causality hence regarded as gold standard in medicine?

A

Randomized controlled trials

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40
Q

This type of bias occurs when in-hospital patients are used as controls?

A

Berkson bias

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41
Q

Patients who developed thyroid cancer are more likely to report radiation exposure than those who did not develop the disease. What type of bias is present ?

A

Recall bias

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42
Q

What type of bias occurs when challenging and interesting cases are paid more attention by the researchers?

A

Popularity bias

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43
Q

In diseases with high mortality rate, point prevalence studies will most likely _______ the number of cases.

A

Overestimate

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44
Q

This refers to the outside influence that may change the relationship between an independent and dependent variable?

A

Confounders

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45
Q

These are naming or categorical variables , they may be dichotomous or assigned?

A

Nominal

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46
Q

Data arranged in rank ordered categories?

A

Ordinal

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47
Q

Data where in value of zero is arbitrary?

A

Interval

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48
Q

Data where in zero is fixed or absolute?

A

Ratio

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49
Q

Slowly growing tumors are more likely to be diagnosed than aggressive ones. What screening issue is present?

A

Length bias

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50
Q

In this phenomenon, early diagnosis of a disease makes it seem like survival is longer?

A

Lead time bias

51
Q

This refers to the best available test for determining whether a person has the disease?

A

Gold standard test

52
Q

This type of test aims to screen the whole population?

A

Mass screening

53
Q

Sampling technique: subgroups/ strata are each adequately presented?

A

Stratified

54
Q

The most basic sampling design used in studies with small population , in this type of sampling , a sampling frame is necessary?

A

Simple Random Sampling

55
Q

Sampling design based on an experts judgment or a set of criteria?

A

Purposive/ Judgment

56
Q

Sampling technique using judgment in choosing sample population?

A

Purposive

57
Q

A study wants to compare the correlation between maternal weight gain and age of gestation , what is the most appropriate graph to use?

A

Scatterplot

58
Q

This states that 80% of the output in a given situation of system is produced by 20% of the input?

A

Pareto Principle

59
Q

What type of population pyramid is characterized by the typical pyramid shape with a broad base and narrow top?

A

Expansive

60
Q

This type of population pyramid is used to describe populations that are elderly and shrinking?

A

Constrictive

61
Q

This type of population pyramid is characteristic of developed nations where birth rates are low, and quality of life is high?

A

Stationary

62
Q

Epidemic stated as common source then secondary person -to - person spread?

A

Mixed epidemic

63
Q

Study design that involves case finding and special surveys to establish the prevalence?

A

Cross-sectional

64
Q

Exposed and non-exposed groups are followed over time to know the risk of developing a disease?

A

Cohort

65
Q

A group of researchers wants to assess the impact of sun exposure on skin damage in beach volleyball players. During a tournament, players from one team wore waterproof, SPF 35 sunscreen, while players from the other team did not wear any sunscreen. At the end of the tournament, players skin from both teams was analyzed for texture, sun damage, and burns. The type of study design used is?

A

Cohort

66
Q

A high rate of subjects being lost to follow-up usually leads to which bias?

A

Selection bias

67
Q

Statistical power is determined by?

A

Sample size

68
Q

Statistical measurement used to validate a hypothesis against observed data?

A

P- value

69
Q

Odds ratio equal to 1 in a case control study?

A

Exposure is positively related to the disease.

70
Q

Odds ratio of less than 1 in a case control study?

A

Exposure is negatively related to disease

71
Q

Method in predicting health hazards used in conducting trial on use of a new chemical or technology?

A

Risk assessment

72
Q

Planned and systemic action to ensure that clinical trials are performed in compliance with existing regulatory requirements?

A

Quality Control

73
Q

Implications of having a 95% confidence interval?

A

The range of values that you can 95% certain contains the true mean of the population; As a sample size increases , the range of interval values will narrow.

74
Q

Probability sampling design wherein every element has an equal chance of being included in sample?

A

Simple Random Sampling

75
Q

Characteristics of Cohort Studies? (3)

A
  1. Possible to compute for the Relative Risk
  2. Sampling population from which the subjects are selected are those who are with the disease of interest
  3. From the population, a sample of exposed and unexposed individuals will be selected
76
Q

Example of a quantitative data?

A

Height

77
Q

Design where reliability of resulting estimates cannot be determined?

A

Probability sampling design

78
Q

Sampling method used for a very big population that simple random technique is not possible?

A

Cluster Sampling

79
Q

Characteristics of review of related literature? (3)

A
  1. Literature is related to research problem.
  2. There is no rule setting the number of literatures to be reviewed.
  3. There is no rule how old or new are the materials to be reviewed.
80
Q

Characteristics of non-probability sampling designs? (3)

A
  1. Reliability of resulting estimates of the sample cannot be assessed.
  2. Probability of being selected in the sample is not specified.
  3. Type of design used in qualitative studies.
81
Q

If you want to select your participants based on your subjective judgment or pre specified criterion, you will use what sampling design?

A

Purposive Non-probability Sampling

82
Q

A 2% decline in infant mortality rate this year (17.92%) indicates that?

A

17.92% babies died before their first birthday.

83
Q

A high infant mortality rate indicates?

A

Poor maternal healthcare standards

84
Q

Definition of Case fatality rate?

A

The proportion of persons with a particular condition who die from that condition.

85
Q

During a given year , 15 cases of a disease are detected in a population of 1,000 high school students. Many students had mild symptoms, while among the detected cases, 5 resulted to death. Compute the case fatality rate?

A

5/15

86
Q

Ratio of the number of cases to the total time the population is at risk of the disease?

A

Incidence Rate

87
Q

Proportion of an initially disease free population that develops the disease during a specified period of time?

A

Cumulative Incidence aka Incidence Proportion

88
Q

Measures the proportion of a population that has the disease at a given point of time?

A

Point prevalence

89
Q

For the incidence rate, which information is relevant?

A

Midyear population at risk

90
Q

For the prevalence rate, which information is relevant?

A

Number of cases at a given time

91
Q

Bayesian statistics involves?

A

Conditional probability which is the probability of an event happening, given that it has some relationship to one or more other events.

92
Q

What does an NNT of 2.2 indicate?

A

2 patients need to be treated in order to prevent one disease.

93
Q

The measures used to determine the degree or extent of variation in a data set ?

A

Measures of central tendency

94
Q

A one way ANOVA is used when?

A

Testing for differences in the means of three or more groups.

95
Q

Statistical test to be used in predicting the weight of the students by using the given data of height?

A

Linear Regression Analysis

96
Q

Linear Regression Analysis may be used for what purpose?

A

To determine the relationship between a continuous dependent variable and one or more independent variables.

97
Q

Compute for the mean of the number of cigarettes smoked per day by a set of patients:
3, 8, 2, 20, 10, 15, 4, 7, 9, 5, 10

A

8.45

Mean = 93/11 = 8.45

98
Q

Compute for the median of the number of cigarettes smoked per day by a set of patients:
3, 8, 2, 20, 10, 15, 4, 7, 9, 5, 10

A

8

Median
2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 10, 15, 20

99
Q

Compute for the mode of the number of cigarettes smoked per day by a set of patients:
3, 8, 2, 20, 10, 15, 4, 7, 9, 5, 10

A

10

Mode: mostly repeated number

100
Q

The proportion of children in an outbreak of measles detected by RT-PCR who truly have measles infection can be determined using ________.

A

Positive Predictive Value

101
Q

Eighty percent of susceptible household contacts of a child with chickenpox develop the disease. This is expressed as what attack rate?

A

Secondary Attack Rate

102
Q

Disease A occurs in 1 in 100,000 people but taking drug X reduces the incidence to 1 in 10,000,000. The relative risk reduction when taking drug X is?

A

99%

RRR=(CER-EER) / CER

103
Q

If an Odds ratio of less than 1 was computed , the conclusion is what?

A

The exposure is negatively related to the disease.

104
Q

Well established methodology adopted in research to prevent bias due to subject selection , which may impact the result of the intervention/ experiment being studied?

A

Randomization

105
Q

Characteristic of research stating that research should be done within a timeframe and with resources?

A

Feasibility

106
Q

Phase in a trial wherein the subjects are a small number of healthy volunteers or patients with disease of interest?

A

Phase I

107
Q

If the sensitivity of COVID RT-PCR is 90% and the Specificity is 98% , the chance of the patient to acquire a negative result in 2 months is?

A

1/10

108
Q

Type of epidemic curve that depict spread of pathogen from one susceptible host to another, showing series of irregular peaks reflecting the multigeneration of infection separated by incubation periods?

A

Propagated source

109
Q

Clinical medicine vs community medicine distinct difference in terms of evidence?

A

Clinical medicine: evidence derived from clinical trial
Community medicine: evidence mainly from epidemiological field studies.

110
Q

Number of illnesses that occur within a given interval over exposed?

A

Incidence

111
Q

Direct relationship between two quantitative variables?

A

Scatter point / Scatter plot

112
Q

Part of research process where sample size is computed and method of subject selection is made?

A

Construction of research design

113
Q

Quality of data shows interval between date of occurrence and time data is used?

A

Timeliness

114
Q

Part of research process where sample size is computed and method of subject selection is made?

A

Construction of research design

115
Q

Blinded in double - blind randomized controlled study?

A

All subjects and investigator

116
Q

Refers to output , outcome , or response to research problem.

A

Dependent variable

117
Q

Blinded in single-blind trial?

A

Subjects ( Study & Control groups)

118
Q

Branch of statistics involved in the testing of hypothesis?

A

Inferential statistics

119
Q

Group of diseased people identified by sensitivity of diagnostic test?

A

True positive

120
Q

Intervention group in experimental study ?

A

Treatment group

121
Q

Measurement close to its true value?

A

Accurate

122
Q

Health indicator to evaluate and support from and burden on the working population?

A

Dependency ratio

123
Q

Study describes disease in population , accounting for basic distribution?

A

Descriptive studies

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