Biosecurity Flashcards
intro (2) examples
- Second greatest threat to survival of species after habitat loss cost £1.4 trillion a year worldwide
- Invasion from another place can spread rapidly and cause harm
1) Wild beavers- natural England – allowed freedom after parasite tests
2) Sentinels (indicator species) Loche Fyne – £40 million damage
eat invaders?
Illegal to sell and cant eat
N.America biggest problems
1) Feral cats $15 billion a year – eat birds + mammals
2) Rats
3) Kudzu weed- clog irrigation channels
cost total to usa a year
USA cost- $138 billion /year
Britain
1) Chinese mitten crab- burrows into river bank and causes erosion
2) Canada geese- poo on pavement- eat wheat and trample agriculture
3) Japanese knotweed- can grow through tarmac
cost to britain and eradications underway
Over $ 3 bn/ yr
Eradications underway – bullfrog,ruddyduck,slipperlimpet
Ruddy duck case study
Migrate to spain and hybridize with endangered white headed duck
Culling £3000 a bird last 10 females. – average 800 but difficult chasing final few increased cost.
Cost to Britain? Should it be spain?
But expect success – DEFRA
6 biosecurity qus
1) Which organisms and why?
2) Protection level?
3) How to prevent-technical and legal?
4) Where to look
5) Who should manage?
6) Who should pay?
Records?
: Eutropht
Eutropht and new issue
Eutropht keeps record of plant health less than 24hrs from when picked to arrive in country
EU over 2000 interceptions. Shows specific issues notifications and progress.
New issue XYLELLA – bacterial disease olives and coffee
name of olive and coffee disease
Xyella
movement per year
plant and terrestrial invertebrates
Plant disease 10 000km a year – far, terrestrial invertebrates 5 km a year.
Spread
Spread:
Difficult concept. Consider as frontier (border) or infill density (area)? Natural or Human assisted? How to prevent?
-spread is dealt with as proportion and you want to look at rapid spread before we deal with it. Set of qu for risk assessor to answer ranked in terms of 1)entry 2)establishment 3)spread 4)impact. What proportion of spread will be reached 5 years from now
Predictive values: (3)
Entry – least predictive value- (almost everything has enteres/is expected to- key for initiating risk assessment)
Establishment – high confidence (host and climate requirements often known best)
Impact- best predictor of overall risk but component with least confidence.
spread diagrams
Diagrams can be useful – ie questin scored 1-5 and size is inidicator of uncertainty. Or size of seriousness and uncertainty graphs/
Invasion impact on 3
- Livestock = trade and movement stops straight away and movement oof people in infected areas. Value decreases straight awat
- Crop pests – suually isn’t trade ban CBD
- Natural enviro pests- only when resource doesn’t look the same
This reflects government investment in biosecurity budget- 90% livestock, 10% crops 1% natural enviro
governm,ent investment
90% livestock, 10% crops 1% natural enviro
asian longhorn beetle
Came on pallets and wood packaginf from china into N America since 1996
Affected timber/tourism/maple syrup – potential losses of $100 bn a year
Made maps showing impacted trees and cut down “completed “ in 2005
Also international standard was required – heat treat 1$ (before only 2% treated) – BUT counterfeit and pallet reuse and repair=problem
BUT outbreak in Kent 2012 – only in small area and few landowners BUT DEFRA modelled and in Croydon same level would affect 40k houses.
emerald ash borer
Even more problems- chewed up ash trees – nearly double than longhorn beetle- no compensation and rust issue – cutting trees down would not work. Infestation remains and may go to Europe
2) Ash Diebeck 2012:
Serious issue. Brought forward from sampling trees or blown across channel? Government fails legal actin for not having blocked imports earlier. In 2016 scientists spot how to identify resistant trees- some hope for replanting
management (4) things
1) Animal Health office International des Epizooties
2) International Plant protection convention-
3) Codex Alimentarius ( food qual)
4) CBD
management each one do?
1) Animal Health office International des Epizooties -117 specific diseases,tests,certificates
2) International Plant protection convention- 36 standards on risk analysis and surveillance etc -more general
3) Codex Alimentarius ( food qual) specific levels – contaminants,drugs and pesticides. Acceptable levels
4) CBD – lack of scientific certainty shouldn mean no preventative action- precaution approach – prevention cheaper than cure – exporters responsible for risk – CBA should be long term basis.
Uk biosecurity management?
-Scotland ,Wales and England have joint approach – separate for Ireland
INVASIVE AND NON NATIVE SPECIES STRATEGY
1)programme board (agencies that can do something)
2)Secretariat- information collection
3)Risk Analysis Panel – how bad and action
Biggest group ?
Biggest group of invasive species are those found in freshwater – invertebrates and plants!
