Biosecurity

Question 1

intro (2) examples

Answer 1

• Second greatest threat to survival of species after habitat loss  cost £1.4 trillion a year worldwide
• Invasion from another place can spread rapidly and cause harm
  1) Wild beavers- natural England – allowed freedom after parasite tests
  2) Sentinels (indicator species) Loche Fyne – £40 million damage

Question 2

eat invaders?

Answer 2

Illegal to sell and cant eat

Question 3

N.America biggest problems

Answer 3

1) Feral cats $15 billion a year – eat birds + mammals
2) Rats
3) Kudzu weed- clog irrigation channels

Question 4

cost total to usa a year

Answer 4

USA cost- $138 billion /year

Question 5

Britain

Answer 5

1) Chinese mitten crab- burrows into river bank and causes erosion
2) Canada geese- poo on pavement- eat wheat and trample agriculture
3) Japanese knotweed- can grow through tarmac

Question 6

cost to britain and eradications underway

Answer 6

Over $ 3 bn/ yr

Eradications underway – bullfrog,ruddyduck,slipperlimpet

Question 7

Ruddy duck case study

Answer 7

Migrate to spain and hybridize with endangered white headed duck
Culling £3000 a bird last 10 females. – average 800 but difficult chasing final few increased cost.
Cost to Britain? Should it be spain?
But expect success – DEFRA

Question 8

6 biosecurity qus

Answer 8

1) Which organisms and why?
2) Protection level?
3) How to prevent-technical and legal?
4) Where to look
5) Who should manage?
6) Who should pay?

Question 9

Records?

Answer 9

: Eutropht

Question 10

Eutropht and new issue

Answer 10

Eutropht keeps record of plant health less than 24hrs from when picked to arrive in country
EU over 2000 interceptions. Shows specific issues notifications and progress.
New issue XYLELLA – bacterial disease olives and coffee

Question 11

name of olive and coffee disease

Answer 11

Xyella

Question 12

movement per year

plant and terrestrial invertebrates

Answer 12

Plant disease 10 000km a year – far, terrestrial invertebrates 5 km a year.

Question 13

Spread

Answer 13

Spread:
Difficult concept. Consider as frontier (border) or infill density (area)? Natural or Human assisted? How to prevent?
-spread is dealt with as proportion and you want to look at rapid spread before we deal with it. Set of qu for risk assessor to answer ranked in terms of 1)entry 2)establishment 3)spread 4)impact. What proportion of spread will be reached 5 years from now

Question 14

Predictive values: (3)

Answer 14

Entry – least predictive value- (almost everything has enteres/is expected to- key for initiating risk assessment)
Establishment – high confidence (host and climate requirements often known best)
Impact- best predictor of overall risk but component with least confidence.

Question 15

spread diagrams

Answer 15

Diagrams can be useful – ie questin scored 1-5 and size is inidicator of uncertainty. Or size of seriousness and uncertainty graphs/

Question 16

Invasion impact on 3

Answer 16

• Livestock = trade and movement stops straight away and movement oof people in infected areas. Value decreases straight awat
• Crop pests – suually isn’t trade ban CBD
• Natural enviro pests- only when resource doesn’t look the same
  This reflects government investment in biosecurity budget- 90% livestock, 10% crops 1% natural enviro

Question 17

governm,ent investment

Answer 17

90% livestock, 10% crops 1% natural enviro

Question 18

asian longhorn beetle

Answer 18

Came on pallets and wood packaginf from china into N America since 1996
Affected timber/tourism/maple syrup – potential losses of $100 bn a year
Made maps showing impacted trees and cut down “completed “ in 2005
Also international standard was required – heat treat 1$ (before only 2% treated) – BUT counterfeit and pallet reuse and repair=problem
BUT outbreak in Kent 2012 – only in small area and few landowners  BUT DEFRA modelled and in Croydon same level would affect 40k houses.

Question 19

emerald ash borer

Answer 19

Even more problems- chewed up ash trees – nearly double than longhorn beetle- no compensation and rust issue – cutting trees down would not work. Infestation remains and may go to Europe

Question 20

2) Ash Diebeck 2012:

Answer 20

Serious issue. Brought forward from sampling trees or blown across channel? Government fails legal actin for not having blocked imports earlier. In 2016 scientists spot how to identify resistant trees- some hope for replanting

Question 21

management (4) things

Answer 21

1) Animal Health office International des Epizooties
2) International Plant protection convention-
3) Codex Alimentarius ( food qual)
4) CBD

Question 22

management each one do?

Answer 22

1) Animal Health office International des Epizooties -117 specific diseases,tests,certificates
2) International Plant protection convention- 36 standards on risk analysis and surveillance etc -more general
3) Codex Alimentarius ( food qual) specific levels – contaminants,drugs and pesticides. Acceptable levels
4) CBD – lack of scientific certainty shouldn mean no preventative action- precaution approach – prevention cheaper than cure – exporters responsible for risk – CBA should be long term basis.

Question 23

Uk biosecurity management?

Answer 23

-Scotland ,Wales and England have joint approach – separate for Ireland
INVASIVE AND NON NATIVE SPECIES STRATEGY
1)programme board (agencies that can do something)
2)Secretariat- information collection
3)Risk Analysis Panel – how bad and action

Question 24

Biggest group ?

Answer 24

Biggest group of invasive species are those found in freshwater – invertebrates and plants!