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RM > 1-2 Demography > Flashcards

1-2 Demography Flashcards

1
Q

What does demography concern 3

A

Size
Location
Composition

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2
Q

What are key rates in demography

A

Births
Deaths
Migration

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3
Q

Key issues in demography 4/7

A

Low fertility
High fertility /resource comp
Social fragmentation
Rapid growth

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4
Q

Key issues in demography last 3/7

A

Migration
High mortality in developing world
Balance of ownership of resources

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5
Q

Low fertility affects

A 
Less children born to older parents 
Affects inter generational relationships
Attitude to debt 
Attitude to resource use 
Cause Aging pops
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6
Q

What is social fragmentation

A

Trend to smaller households
Less stable in composition
More frequent migration both local and international

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7
Q

Developing countries have high mortality due to (5)

A 
Malaria 
Tub scoliosis
AIDS
Malnutrition
Conflict due to resource scarcity
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8
Q

What does balance of ownership of resources mean

A

Population as the basis for a vote for resource use and distribution of intellectual property across populations

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9
Q

Last 250 years general

A

Mortality lower

  • Decline in infectious disease
  • Better nutrition

Fertility lower
-decline over last century and sharp gal over last gen due to contraception

Migration higher

  • Huge increase in international movement since 1800
  • Urbanisation and internal movement
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10
Q

Increase in pop from 1800-1900 why? Disease and agriculture specify

A

Sewers (typhoid)
Milk + housing (tuberculosis)
Inoculation (smallpox)

Agriculture then to tackle malnutrition 
Crops
Enclosures
Transport
More cultivated land
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11
Q

When was peak growth rate reached in Europe

A

1820

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12
Q

What is enviro qual related to 3

A

Numbers and movement of people
Level and consumption type
Willingness to pay for enviro and ability (depends on demographics)

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13
Q

Eu natural r

A

0.0003

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14
Q

After 1880 what happened in Britain

A

Birth rates declined
Britain was 1 of first countries to have relatively stable age structure in the new low birth/low death rate stage of population

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15
Q

Why was there did in size between age cohorts?

A

2 world wars
And baby boom of 50s/60s
Short period of high growth r= 0.018

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16
Q

What happened in 1967-77

A

Decline of fertility due to pill

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17
Q

Natural r =

Crude r =

A

Birth rate - death rate

Birth rate - death rate + net migration

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18
Q

When has next highest fertility in U.K. Been since baby boom?

A

2008 at 1.96

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19
Q

What is fertility rate like in span Italy and Germany

A

It is 1.4

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20
Q

What has been a result of social change not adapting as quickly as demographic change?

A

Migration and conflict
In some case death rate has even become worse as technology not sustainable and ineffective malaria control and rise of drug resistant tuberculosis

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21
Q

Fertility projections

A

Should decrease for both developed and developing by 2100 aiming for replacement

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22
Q

World pop estimate now and 2050

A

7.4 billion
9.6 billion
UN estimates

23
Q

Current global fertility rate

A

2.5 and expected to continue falling

24
Q 
Brazil demographics 
Pop
Birth
Fertility 
Death
A

Will still grow In2030 to 223 million
But birth and fertilité decreasing
Death rate increasing
Leading to deceleration in population growth

25
Q

What is demographic transition

A

Transition from high birth and death to low bury and death rates as country moves from pre industrial to industrial

26
Q

In demographic transition model what stages are developed / developing countries in

A 
Developed = 3/4
Developing = 2/3
27
Q

Demographic transition of developing countries?

A

Rapid decline in death rates
Slower decline in birth rates
2-3 gen of social adaptation

28
Q

Demographic transition in Britain/developed countries?

A

Slow decline in death rate
Slow decline in birth rate
5-7 gen social adaptations

29
Q

Where are populations aging and what does this affect

A

Europe
N America
Japan

30
Q

By 2020 how many will voters will be over 50

A

Half

31
Q

A third of babies born will leave till when estimated by who?

A

To 100

The ONs

32
Q

Wil aging pop be problem for Britain straight away

A

No
Short term increases in birth
Baby boom

33
Q

Germany aging pop birth rate

What does this mean for uk

A

660 000 births in 2012 lowest since records began

Means britain may get economic edge

34
Q

What effects life expectancy and examples

A

Socio economics
Kensington 86 for f
Blackpool 79.9 for f

35
Q

Older mother in uk?

A

Mean age has increased to 39.2 in 2014

36
Q

Ageing population effect big where?

A

Japan

Hong Kong

37
Q

Dependency ratio equation

A

Age 15-64 / 65+

38
Q

Living arrangements

A

Separation
Marriage AV 11 years
Elderly women left as life expectancy higher than husbands
Affects space
Urbanisation = unmanaged rural areas left behind

39
Q

Pensions

Time spent retired

A

U.K. And US high
Mainland Europe low
Despite more time spent in retirement 34% in 2010 but was 20 in 1970

40
Q

Social fragmentation

A

Ingle person household
Size decreasing
Number increasing

41
Q

Urbanisation facts

A

54% pop urban
95% of pop growth from 95 to 2030 will be in cities
In 2015 34 cities over 10 million

42
Q

In Britain is there urbanisation?

A

Actually net migration OUT
90,000 a year
Sw England and Edinburgh

43
Q

Result of migration for incoming areas

A 
Water 
Energy
Transport
Schools
Employment
Social change 
Weather/climate
44
Q

Result of migration for areas being left (outgoing)

A

Rural depop

Unsustainable economies

45
Q

Problems for outgoing and incoming areas as result of migration

A

Political apportionment of representation and spending

46
Q

U.K. Immigration facts

A

2015 bet immigration was 336000
636000 in 300 000 our
Migrants age structure Is skewed- mostly 20-35 years

47
Q

Prediction of growth related to migration

A

45 % of growth in 2030 due to net immigration children under -6 wil increase
Life expectancy to rise

48
Q

Enviro consequences of pop size and structure 6

A 
Consumption
Distribution of people
Innovation
Change
Age group links
Social diversity
49
Q

Botswana and Zimbabwe life expectancy

A

Less than 45 years

50
Q

Pop control options for rising pop 3

A

Lower birth rate
Delay fertility
Migration

51
Q

Pop control for declining pops

2

A

Induce higher birth rates

Immigration

52
Q

What does delaying fertility do

A

Increases gen time

Social change women employed

53
Q

What does lowering fertility do

A

Longer gen times
Affects age cohort balance
Dependency changed
More effect than delaying

RM (6 decks)

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