Biopsychology Key Words Flashcards
Infradian rhythm
A type of biological rhythm with a frequency of less than one cycle in 24 hours, such as the menstrual cycle or SAD
Ultradian rhythm
A biological rhythm with a frequency of more than one cycle in 24 hours, such as the stages of sleep
Circadian rhythm
A type of biological rhythm, subject to a 24 hour cycle, which regulates a number of body processes such as the sleep/wake cycle and changes in core body temperature
Biological rhythms
Distinct patterns of changes in body activity that conform to cyclical time periods. Biological rhythms are influenced by internal body clocks (endogenous pacemakers) as well as external changes to the environment (exogenous zeitgebers)
Shift work
A pattern of working through the whole 24 hours where people change the time which they work
Generalisation
The extent to which findings and conclusions from a particular investigation can be broadly applied to the population. This is made possible if the sample of participants is representative of the population. It also depends on good internal and external valudity
Pheromones
Chemical substances produced by the body and secreted into the air, whence they are transmitted to other animals of the same species and absorbed into their bloodstream. The pheromones then work like hormones and influence the behaviour of the receiver.
Melatonin
A hormone produced by the pineal gland which increases sleepiness. in humans it is produced at night and is regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus
Serotonin
A neurotransmitter with widespread inhibitory affects throughout the brain. It has a key role in aggressive behaviour.
Slow wave sleep
Also called deep sleep, a sleep stage during which growth hormone is secreted as well as other restorative activities. It is very difficult to wake someone up during this stage which occurs more at the start of the night than towards morning
Endogenous pacemakers
Internal body clocks that regulate many of our biological rhythms, such as the influence of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) on the sleep/wake cycle
Exogenous zeitgebers
External cues that may affect or entrain our biological rhythms, such as the influence of light on the sleep/wake cycle
Sleep/wake cycle
A daily cycle of biological activity based on a 24 hour period (circadian rhythm) that is influenced by regular variations in the environment, such as the alternation of night and day
Cerebral cortex
The surface layer of the forebrain (the two hemispheres of the brain), It is grey in colour and it is highly folded to make it possible to fit the massive amount of material inside the skull
Visual area/cortex
A part of the occipital lobe that receives and processes visual information