Biomolecules overview Flashcards

1
Q

What are biomolecules?

A

A molecule that is involved in the maintenance and metabolic processes of living organisms.

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2
Q

What are the functions of Lipids?

A
  • Structural components of biological membranes
  • Provide energy reserves in the form of triglycerides
  • Serve as vitamins and hormones
  • Lipid solubilisation
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3
Q

What is a saturated Lipid?

A

There are no double bonds present

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4
Q

What is an unsaturated Lipid?

A

There is at least 1 double bond present which causes a kink in the structure

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5
Q

Describe the structure of a Lipid

A

A lipid is comprised of a Carboxyl group and a Hydrocarbon chain

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6
Q

How can lipids be classified?

A
  • Fatty acids
  • Cholesterol
  • Lipoproteins
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7
Q

What does the R stand for in the structure of an amino acid?

A

R = side chain

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8
Q

What is a side chain?

A

A side chain is a section of an Amino acids structure. This differs in each amino acid.

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9
Q

How can side chains be classified?

A
  • Hydrophobic
  • Hydrophilic
  • In-between
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10
Q

What is the role of Peptide bonds in amino acids?

A

Peptide bonds form between the N=H of one amino acid and the C=O of another.

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11
Q

What do amino acids form?

A
  • Proteins.
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12
Q

What is the chemical formula for carbohydrates?

A

(CH2O)n

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13
Q

Describe the structure of an Aldehyde.

A

An aldehyde has the top carbon atom single bonded to a Hydrogen and double bonded to an Oxygen (H-C=O)

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14
Q

Describe the structure of a Ketone.

A

A Ketone has a double bonded carbon to oxygen on the second carbon down.

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15
Q

What does ABBA stand for?

A

Alpha below

Beta above

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16
Q

What is a chiral atom?

A

An atom that remains in the same position despite the orientation of the compound changing.

17
Q

What is an Anomeric carbon?

A

An atom around which rotation occurs.

18
Q

What is the structure of Fructose?

A
  • A 5 membered ring structure.
19
Q

What is starch?

A
  • stored carbohydrates in plant cells
20
Q

What is the structure of Pyranose?

A
  • A 6 membered ring structure.
21
Q

Give an example of an Pyranose.

A

Glucose

22
Q

What is Glycogen?

A
  • A major form of stored carbohydrate.

- A homopolymer

23
Q

What do carbohydrates become when they spontaneously react with alcohol?

A

Either

  • Hemiacetal
  • Hemiketal
24
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

25
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic Acid

26
Q

Name the 2 different types of nucleic base.

A
  • Pyrimidine

- Purine

27
Q

What is the structure of a Purine?

A
  • A 2 ring structure
28
Q

What is the structure of a Pyrimidine?

A
  • A singular ring structure
29
Q

Which of the bases are Purines

A
  • Adenine

- Guanine

30
Q

Which of the bases are Pyrimidines?

A
  • Thymine
  • Cytosine
  • Uracil
31
Q

What does a Nucleoside comprise of?

A
  • Nitrogenous Base

- Pentose Sugar

32
Q

What does a Nucleotide comprise of?

A
  • Nitrogenous Base
  • Pentose Sugar
  • Phosphate Group
33
Q

What are the functions of Nucleic acids?

A
  • Energy stores for use in phosphate transfer reactions
  • Important in co-enzymes
  • Mediators in cellular processes
  • Activated intermediates in biosynthetic reactions.