biomolecules Flashcards

Memorize biomelocules and their functions

1
Q

what are the four major types of biomolecules?

A

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids

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2
Q

which are the six elements that most living matter is composed of?

A

carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous and sulfur

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3
Q

how many covalent bonds can carbon form?

A

4

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4
Q

how many covalent bonds can hydrogen form?

A

1

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5
Q

how many covalent bonds can nitrogen form?

A

3

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6
Q

how many covalent bonds can oxygen form?

A

2

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7
Q

how many covalent bonds can phosphorous form?

A

5

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8
Q

how many covalent bonds can sulfur form?

A

2

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9
Q

in which environment do biological reactions most commonly occur?

A

aqueous environments; within watery environments

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10
Q

what are functional groups?

A

small groups of atoms that are common in biomolecules which confer specific chemical properties when attached to larger molecules such as biomolecules

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11
Q

how do multiple monomers become polymers such as protein and nucleic acids?

A

through a series of condensation reactions

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12
Q

how are polymers such as carbohydrates broken down / reverted back to monomers?

A

through hydrolysis reactions

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13
Q

what is the function of enzymes?

A

catalyze biochemical reactions

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14
Q

what is the function of structural proteins?

A

provide physical stability and movement

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15
Q

what is the function of defensive proteins?

A

recognize and respond to nonself substances (e.g., antibodies)

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16
Q

what is the function of signaling proteins?

A

control physiological processes (e.g., hormones)

17
Q

what is the function of receptor proteins?

A

receive and respond to chemical signals

18
Q

what is the function of membrane transporters?

A

regulate passage of substances across cellular membranes

19
Q

what is the function of storage proteins?

A

store amino acids for later use

20
Q

what is the function of transport proteins?

A

bind and carry substances within the organism

21
Q

what is the function of gene regulatory proteins?

A

determine the rate of expression of a gene

22
Q

what is the function of motor proteins?

A

cause movement of structures in the cell

23
Q

what does protein consist of?

A

20 amino acids in different amounts and sequences

24
Q

how do amino acids differ from one another?

A

their side groups, referred to as R-groups

25
Q

what are carbohydrates?

A

large group of molecules of similar atomic compositions but can differ greatly in size, chemical properties and most notably biological functions.

26
Q

what are the four types of carbohydrates that are biologically important?

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides

27
Q

what are monosaccharides?

A

simple sugars that may exist in multiple forms although a ring form is predominent in biological system. an example of a monosaccharide is glucose wih is an essential energy source for living cells

28
Q

what are disaccharides?

A

two monosaccharides linked via a covalent bond, produced in a condensation reaction

29
Q

what are polysaccharides?

A

polymers of monosaccharides connected by glycosidic linkages. an example of a polysaccharide is cellulose, the most abundant organic compound on earth

30
Q

what are oligosaccharides?

A

several monosaccharides bound by glycosidic linkages, Often covalently bonded to proteins and lipids on the outer cell surface (glycosylation)

31
Q

what are nucleic acids?

A

polymers specialized for the storage, transmission and use of genetic information. the two main types are DNA & RNA