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91562 Health and Homeostasis 1 > Biomolecules > Flashcards

Biomolecules Flashcards

1
Q

What is biochemistry?

A

The study of chemical composition and reactions of living matter.

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2
Q

Complete the sentence:

All chemicals are either _______ or ___________, which are both equally ________ for life.

A

All chemicals are either organic or inorganic, which are both equally essential for life.

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3
Q

Inorganic compounds include:

A
  • Water, salts, and many acids and bases

- Do not contain carbon

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4
Q

Organic compounds include:

A
  • Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids

- Contain carbon, are usually large, and are covalently bonded

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5
Q

What are the properties of water?

A 
- Most abundant compound; accounts for 60%–80% of the volume of living cells
– High heat capacity
– High heat of vaporization
– Polar solvent properties
– Reactivity
– Cushioning
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6
Q

What are the properties of salts?

A
  • Ionic compounds that dissociate into separate ions in water
    – Separate into cations (positively charged molecules) and anions (negatively charged)
    – All ions are called electrolytes because they can conduct electrical currents in solution
    – Ions play specialized roles in body functions • Example: sodium, potassium, calcium, and iron
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7
Q

What are common salts in the body?

A
  • NaCl, CaCO3, KCl, calcium phosphates
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8
Q

Complete the sentences:

  • Ionic balance is _______ for homeostasis.
  • _______ play a big role in maintaining proper balance of _________.
  • If electrolyte balance is disrupted, virtually all organ systems ______ to function.
A
  • Ionic balance is vital for homeostasis.
  • Kidneys play a big role in maintaining proper balance of electrolytes.
  • If electrolyte balance is disrupted, virtually all organ systems cease to function.
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9
Q

What are the properties of acids?

A
  • Is an electrolyte
  • Ionize and dissociate in water
  • Are proton donors: release hydrogen ions (H+), bare protons (have no electrons) in solution
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10
Q

What are the properties of bases?

A
  • Is an electrolyte
  • Ionize and dissociate in water
  • Are proton acceptors: they pick up hydrogen ions (H+) in solution
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11
Q

Identify which are important Acids and Bases from the list below:

  • HCl (hydrochloric acid)
  • Bicarbonate ion (HCO3–)
  • HC2H3O2 (acetic acid, abbreviated HAc)
  • Ammonia (NH3)
  • H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
A

Acids: HCl (hydrochloric acid), HC2H3O2 (acetic acid, abbreviated HAc), and H2CO3 (carbonic acid).

Bases: Bicarbonate ion (HCO3–) and ammonia (NH3).

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12
Q

Complete the sentence:

Carbohydrates include ______ and ________.

A

Carbohydrates include sugars and starches.

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13
Q

What are the three classes of carbohydrates (how are they distinguished)?

A

– Monosaccharides: one single sugar (Monomers: smallest unit of carbohydrate)
– Disaccharides: two sugars
– Polysaccharides: many sugars (Polymers are made up of monomers of monosaccharides)

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14
Q

True or False: Lipids are soluble in water?

A

False: Lipids are insoluble in water.

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15
Q

What are the main types of lipids?

A

– Triglycerides or neutral fats
– Phospholipids
– Steroids
– Eicosanoids

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16
Q

Complete the sentence:

Proteins comprise __-__% of cell mass.

A

Proteins comprise 20-30% of cell mass.

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17
Q

Carbohydrates are comprised of…

(Select one answer)

  • C (Carbon)
  • H (Hydrogen)
  • O (Oxygen)
  • All of the above
A
  • All of the above
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18
Q

Lipids are comprised of which 3 elements plus the exception of another (sometimes)?

A
  • C (Carbon)
  • H (Hydrogen)
  • O (Oxygen)
  • Sometimes P (Phosphorus)
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19
Q

Proteins are comprised of:

  • C (Carbon)
  • H (Hydrogen)
  • O (Oxygen)
  • Sometimes S (Sulfur)
  • Sometimes P (Phosphorus)

What element is missing that makes up Protein?

A
  • N (Nitrogen)
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20
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Amino acids are molecules that combine to form proteins.

21
Q

Amino acids are sometimes referred to as what?

A

‘The building blocks of life’.

22
Q

All proteins are made from how many types of amino acids?

(Select one answer)

  • 10
  • 20
  • 30
  • 50
A
  • 20
23
Q

Protein is joined by covalent bonds called what?

A

Peptide bonds.

24
Q

Fill in the blanks:

There are four levels of protein structure determine shape and function:

  1. Primary
  2. _________
  3. Tertiary
  4. _________
A
  1. Secondary

4. Quarternary

25
Q

Nucleic acids are composed of which 5 elements?

A
  • C (Carbon)
  • H (Hydrogen)
  • O (Oxygen)
  • N (Nitrogen)
  • P (Phosphorus)
26
Q

What are the two major classes of nucleic acid?

A

– Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

– Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

27
Q

True or False: Nucleic acid polymers are made up of monomers called nucleotides.

A

True

28
Q

Why is DNA important?

A

DNA is important because it holds the genetic blueprint for the synthesis of all proteins.

29
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Phosphate.

30
Q

Why is ATP important?

A

It provides the energy needed for many essential processes in organisms and cells.

31
Q

How does ATP provide energy needed in organisms and cells?

A

Chemical energy is released when glucose is broken down is captured in ATP. It then directly powers chemical reactions in cells and offers immediate, usable energy needed by body cells.

32
Q

True or False: Carbohydrates are a micronutrient.

A

False. Carbohydrates are a macronutrient (required in large amounts each day).

33
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A
  • Broken down to provide energy for the cells
  • Act as stores of energy
  • Components of the Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
  • Building blocks for more complex molecules (macromolecules)
34
Q

True or False: Lipids are hydrophobic/non-polar.

A

True

35
Q

What is the difference between a macromolecule and a micromolecule?

A

Macromolecules are required in large (g) amounts each day.

Micromolecules are required in small (mg) each day.

36
Q

Is protein a micro or macromolecule?

A

Macromolecule.

37
Q

What are the two types of reactions with regards to metabolism?

A
  1. Anabolic

2. Catabolic

38
Q

True or False: Anabolic reactions consist of taking big molecules and turning them into small molecules, and catabolic reactions consist of taking small molecules and turning them into big molecules.

A

False. Anabolic reactions consist of taking SMALL molecules and turning them into BIG molecules, and catabolic reactions consist of taking BIG molecules and turning them into SMALL molecules.

39
Q

What is one important use of breaking down a molecule?

A

To provide a means of making ATP.

40
Q

What happens when your body has more glucose than your cells need for energy?

A

It can be stored as a complex carbohydrate (glycogen) for later use.

41
Q

True or False: The idea of homeostasis was first created by a man named Claude Bernard.

A

True

42
Q

The internal environment in our bodies is also referred to as…

A

Body fluids.

43
Q

What is ICF?

A

Stands for Intracellular Fluid and refers to the cytosol of a cell.

44
Q

What is ECF?

A

Stands for Extracellular Fluid and refers to interstitial (i.e. tissue) fluid + plasma + some others.

45
Q

Complete the sentence:

To maintain the normal healthy state the conditions of the body fluids must be kept within narrow range. For example body temperature must remain within ________.

A

35.6-37.4 degrees

46
Q

Complete the sentence:

To maintain the normal healthy state the conditions of the body fluids must be kept within narrow range. For example acidity of the blood must remain within a pH of ________.

A

7.35-7.45

47
Q

Complete the sentence:

To maintain the normal healthy state the conditions of the body fluids must be kept within narrow range. For example partial pressure of oxygen in blood must remain within ________.

A

35-45 mm Hg

48
Q

Complete the sentence:

To maintain the normal healthy state the conditions of the body fluids must be kept within narrow range. For example concentration of sodium in blood must remain within ________.

A

138-146 mmoles/L

49
Q

Homeostasis is regulated by which two control systems?

A
  1. Nervous system

2. Endocrine system

91562 Health and Homeostasis 1 (12 decks)

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