BIOMEDICINE - JENNIFER'S CLASS NOTES COPY Flashcards
1
Q
Another name for white blood cells
A
Leukocytes
2
Q
75% of Luekocytes are
A
Nuetrophils
3
Q
20-40% of Luekocytes are
A
Lymphocytes
4
Q
What do Nuetrophils do?
A
Bacterial infection
5
Q
What are the earliest white blood cells to arrive?
A
Neutrophils
6
Q
What are Eosinophils for?
A
Allergic Reaction
7
Q
What are Lymphocytes for?
A
Viral infections, luekemia
8
Q
What is Leukocytosis?
A
Increase in white blood cells
9
Q
What is Luekopenia?
A
Too few white blood cells
10
Q
What is the function of Hemoglobin?
A
Oxygen carryin gproteins
11
Q
Red blood cells are called
A
Erythrocytes
12
Q
What is the function of a platelet?
A
To stop bleeding
13
Q
Platelets are also called
A
Thrombocytes
14
Q
What are the structures of the external/outer ear
A
Auricle, Helix, Lobule
15
Q
The external auditory canal is made up of
A
Ear wax, tympanic membrane
16
Q
The tympanic membrane is also called
A
The eardrum
17
Q
What are the structures of the middle ear?
A
Malleolus, incus, stapes, secondary tympanic membrane
18
Q
What are the three smallest bones in the body?
A
Malleolus, incus, stapes
19
Q
What is the inner ear called?
A
The labyrinth
20
Q
What are the structures in the inner ear?
A
Choclea, cholear duct, semicircular canals and ducts, stapes in oval windows, round windows
21
Q
How many lobes are in the thymus?
A
2
22
Q
Describe the shape of the Thymus
A
2 lobes lying on either side of the midline of the body
Divided into small subdivisions called lobules
23
Q
What is the Thymus covered in?
A
Dense connective tissue capsule
24
Q
What does the dense connective tissue capsule do for the Thymus?
A
Sends fibres into the body of the thymus for support
25
Where are the trigeminal nerves?
The face
26
What does the opthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve go to?
The eyes
27
If there is a problem in the opthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve, where is the numbness?
Just below the eye around ST 2
28
Where does the Maxillary nerve of the Trigeminal nerve go to?
Upper jaw bone
29
Where does the Mandibular Nerve of the Trigeminal Nerve go to?
Lower jaw bone
30
Which nerve gives rise to taste?
Facial nerve VII
31
What are some symptoms of Bell's Palsy
Loss of taste, decreased salivation, inability to close the eyes
32
What nerve is associated with bell's Palsy
Facial Nerve VII
33
Which part of the brain balances the body's position?
Cerebellum
34
Where is the sperm stored?
The testes or seminiferous tubules
35
Where is the heart located in the chest?
Between the 2nd and 6th intercostal spaces
Parasternal to the left mamillary line, in the middle of the mediastinum behind the breast bone of the chest
Level with T5 through T8
36
The largest part of the heart is usually located
Slightly offset to the left side of the chest
37
What is the lower tip of the chest called?
The apex
38
Where is the apex of the heart located?
Just to the left of the sternum, 8-9cm away from the midline, between the junction of the 4th and 5th ribs near their articulation with the costal cartilages
39
Where is the heart positioned towards?
Shaped like a cone, upwards, and tapering down to the apex
40
What are the two major sounds of the heart?
Lub Dub
41
The "lub" sound of the heart is called
S1, the first sound
42
The "lub"/S1 sound of the heart is caused by
Turbulence caused by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves at the start of systole
43
What is the second sound of the heart called
"Dub", or S2
44
The "dub"/S2 sound of the heart is caused by
The closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves, towards the end of the systole
45
What is a systole?
The time period elapsing between the first heart sound and the second heart sound
46
A systole is also called a
Ventricular ejection
47
What is a diastole?
The time between the second sound of the heart and the following first sound
48
Diastole is also called
Ventricular filling
49
Which vein does not contain de-oxygenated blood?
Pulmonary vein
50
Blood passes from the right atrium to the
Right ventricle via the tricuspid valve/right atrioventricular valve
51
From the right ventricle blood passes to the
Left atrium to the left ventricle via the mitral/bicuspid valve
52
The left atrium receives blood from the lungs via the
Pulmonary veins (oxygenated blood)
53
Blood passes from the left ventricle to the
Aortic valve to the ascending aorta to the coronary arteries supplying the blood to the heart wall
54
What supplies blood to the heart?
Coronary arteries
55
Rheumatic heart disease affects which valve?
Most commonly a valve lesion in the mitral valve
56
How is pulmonary edema formed in the lungs?
The left ventricle fails so the blood can't be pumped and is backed up into the lung causing edema and suffocation
57
How is pulmonary edema formed in the ankles and feet?
The right ventricle fails and blood backs up in the systemic veins over time and the kidneys cause an increase in blood volume resulting in peripheral edema
58
What is staphylococcus aureus
A purulent infection/abscess - a gram positive coccal bacteria that is a member of the Firmicutes
59
Where is staphylococcus aureas usually found?
In the respiratory tract or the skin (common cause of skin infections and abscesses, respiratory infections such as sinusitis, and food poisoning)
60
Staphyloccus aureas is often positve for
Catalase and nitrate reduction
61
How does staphyloccus aureas promote infections?
By producing potent protein toxins and expressinve cell surface proteins that bind and inactivate antibodies
62
What causes pernicious anemia?
Too little vitamin B12
63
Where is vitamin B12 mostly absorbed?
Illeum
64
What causes less pancreatic juice?
sugar
65
Hyperthyroid symptoms
The thyroid gland is overactive, the body's processes are sped up causing: nervousness, anxiety, rapid heartbeat, hand tremor, excessive sweating, weight loss, sleep problems, poor concentration
66
What is bulging eyes as a result of hyperthyroidism?
Graves Disease
67
Hypothyroid symptoms
Fatigue, weakness, weight gain or increased difficulty losing weight, coarse/dry hair, dry rough and pale skin, hair loss, cold intolerance, muscle cramps and frequent muscle aches
68
What causes glaucoma?
Build up of aqueous humor, poor blood flow, and damage to the optic nerve
69
Symptoms of cholecystitis?
Gall stones, upper right abdominal pain, colic pain, light white stool colour, nausea and vomit, jaundice, cramping and bloating, pain that spreads to your back or below your right shoulder blade, fever and chills, jaundice, itching, positive Murphy's sign, symptoms occur just after a fatty meal, (vomiting brings temporary relieve pain), fever (if the GB is infected)
70
What are the symptoms of a stroke?
Facial drooping, cannot raise arms, speech slurred, loss of consciousness, severe headache, coma, face red, fists clenched, breathing coarsely, gurgles sputum
71
Why does renal failure cause edema?
Edema occurs due to salt and water retention and metabolic ACIDOSIS due to the Kidney's inability to excrete acidic substances
72
Why does renal failure lead to cardiac arrest?
The kidney can't excrete metabolic waste products causing an increase of UREA in the body leading to POSTASSIUM levels to arise causing cardiac arrest
73
Why is there anemia during renal failure?
The kidneys can no longer produce enough erythropoietin for adequate RBC production
74
Why does osteomalacia occur during renal failure?
The kidneys are no longer able to convert Vitamin D to calcitriol which is needed for adequate absorption from the small intestine leading to osteomalacia
75
What is the treatment for edema?
Adequate protein and vitamin B - risk of mlanutrition
76
Where are RBCs destroyed?
In the liver and spleen by fixed macrophages
77
Where is food absorbed?
Small intestine
78
How long does food remain the small intestine?
3-5 hours
79
How long do gastrointestinal substances remain in the colon?
3-10 hours
80
What lymph node is enlarged for stomach cancer?
Left supraclavicular lymph node
81
What lymph node is enlarged for lung cancer?
Right supraclavicular lymph node
82
Acute Appendicitis symtpoms
Referred pain in the umbilical region, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, pain in the lower right quadrant (McBurney's sign), pressure rebounding pain, worsening of pain when examination hand is placed firmly on the abdomen and suddenly removed, pain on percussion, rigidity and guarding, higher levels of Neutrophils
83
Where is McBurney's point
on the right side of the abdomen, 1/3 the distance from the ASIS to the umbilicus
84
Which point stops facial artery bleeding?
ST 5
85
What can improve/increase the breathing rate?
carbon dioxide concentration
86
What is the temperature regulation center of the body?
Hypothalamus
87
Where is erythropoietin made?
The kidneys
88
Where does fertilization take place?
In the ampulla of the falopian tubes
89
The Thymus gland is part of the endocrine system but functionally more part of the
Immune system
90
What does the Thymus do?
Serves a vital role in the training and development of T-lymphocytes or T cells, an extremely important type of white blood cells
91
What do T cells do?
Defend the body from potentially deadly pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi
92
The parathyroid gland is least likely to develop into
Cancer
93
Stiffness of the neck involves which two muscles
Trapezius and SCM
94
What is the prostate gland?
Walnut sized gland located between the bladder and the penis
95
The urethra runs through the center of the
prostate
96
Angina pain symptoms
Occurs after exertion or emotional stress, starts in the center of the chest and spreads to the left arm, neck, back, throat, or jaw. Tightness, pressure, squeezing, or aching feeling in the chest/arms. Feeling moderate to severe indigestion that is persistent. Sharp, burning, or cramping pain. Discomfort between the shoulder blades. Numbness or a loss of feeling in your arms/shoulders/wrists.
97
A spider angioma is due to
Hepatocirrhosis (cirrhosis of the liver)
98
Body temperature from high to low
Rectum, mouth, armpit
99
The lowest body temperature of the day is what time?
2-6am
100
The highest body temperature of the day is what time?
1-6pm
101
What is the narrowest part of the trachea in an adult?
Rima Glottidis
102
What is the narrowest part of the trachea in a child?
Subglottis
103
What kind of cancer in the lung is most common?
Squamous cell carcinoma (25% of all lung cancers)
104
Symptoms of lung cancer
A cough that does not go away or gets worse, chest pain that is worse with deep breathing/coughing/laughing, hoarseness, weight loss or loss of appetite, coughing up blood or rust colored sputum (spit or phlegm), shortness of breath, feeling tired or weak
105
How do you calculate a person's blood weight?
Their weight in kg x 8%
106
How do you calculate a person's fluid weight?
Their weight in kg x 60%
107
Due date of a pregnant woman
280 days, or 40 weeks taken from the first day of her last period
108
Which muscle controls the adduction/inversion of the foot?
Tibialis anterior
109
Which muscle controls the abduction of the foot/eversio?
Peroneus longus
110
What nerve is damaged in drop foot?
Common peroneal nerve
111
What muscles support the lateral sides of the foot?
Anterior and posterior talofibular ligaments
112
B lymphocytes are produced in the
bone marrow
113
Where do B cells go from the bone marrow?
To the spleen/lymph tissues to mature into immunocompetent B cells
114
B cells are responsible for generating
Antibodies to specific antigens, which they bind via B cell receptors (BCR)
115
T cells are produced in the
Bone marrow
116
Where do T cells go after being produced in the bone marrow?
The thymus where they mature
117
Helper T cells are the major driving force and the main regulators of the
Immune defense
118
The primary task of the T cells is to
Activate B cells and killer T cells
119
Hemoptysis is found in which lung diseases
TB, pneumonia, bronchitis, lung cancer, lung abscesses
120
Hemoptysis is not found in
Chronic Bronchial Disease
121
Hemoptysis is found in which heart disease?
Mitral stenosis heart disease
122
The function of the gall bladder bile is to
Resolve fat (break up fat in food)
123
When does the growth hormone secrete the most?
During rapid wave sleep
124
If pressure in the brain is high it will cause
Heavy projectile vomiting
125
Which blood vessels nourish the liver?
```
Hepatic Artery (oxygenated blood)
Portal Vein (deoxygenated blood)
```
126
Pancreatitis
Pancreatic cells release trypsin instead of trypsinogen
127
Pancreatitis symptoms
Upper left side or middle of abdomenal pain, pain is persistent and worse when lying flat on back, pain radiating to the back or below left shoulder blade, abdominal pain that feels worse immediately after eating fatty foods or alcohol, nausea, vomiting, tenderness when touching the abdomen
128
Black stool/melena means how much blood is in the stool?
greater than 50ml
129
What are all of the endocrine glands?
```
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Pituitary
Adrenal
Pineal
```
130
What are the organs/tissues that are not endocrine glands but contain cells that secrete hormones?
```
Hypothalamus
Thymus
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
Kidneys
Stomach
Liver
SI
Skin
Heart
Adipose Tissue
Placenta
```
131
What is a peptic ulcer
Ulcer in the lining of the stomach or duodenum
132
Where is a gastric ulcer
Stomach
133
Where is a duodenal ucler
Duodenum
134
Symptoms of a peptic ulcer
Gastric pain climbs up the eosphagus, not relieved with eating, pain occurs 1-2 hours after eating, vomiting blood
135
Symptoms of a duodenal ulcer
Pain relieved with eating, pain doesn't occur until 3-4 hours after eating, blood stools
136
Symptoms of a peptic ulcer
Gnawing burning hunger in stomach between meals, feels full, bloody stools, weight loss, chest pain
137
Hemorrhage in the GI tract is usually caused by
ulcers
138
What is the largest bone in the body?
Femur
139
What is the parasymphathetic nervous system control?
Rest and digestion, salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, defecation, decreased heart rate, decreased diameter of airways, constricted pupils
140
What is the sympathetic nervous system control?
Fight of flight, reduces the body's functions, pupils dilate, heart rate increases, airways dilate, glucose is released by the liver, slows down digestion and anything that does not prove helpful in stressful situations
141
Epinephrine increases cardiac output by increasing the
Rate and force of contractions and vasodilates the arterioles to help increase blood flow to the cardiac muscles during exercise
142
What happens when Hepatitis B enters the body?
It infects cells in the liver called hepatocytes. The immune system targets the virus and the hepatocytes causing inflammation in the liver (hepatitis)
143
How is Hepatitis A spread?
Fecal contamination in food
144
Hepatitis A symptoms
Loss of appetite, malaise, nausea, diarrhea, no lasting liver damage
145
Hepatitis B is spread through
Sex, blood transfusions
146
Hepatitis B can cause
Cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer
147
Hepatitis C is spread through
Sex, blood transfusions, razors, nail clippers, needles
148
Rheumatic valve disease is caused by
Group A Streptociccus
149
What conditions also occur in Rheumatic Valve Disease?
Pancarditis, Mycoarditis
Arrhythmia, atrial dilation, ventricular dysfunction
Heart failure
150
What is blood cholesterol?
One of the fats in blood. The body uses it to make cell membranes, vitamin D, and hormones
151
What are the two types of cholesterol?
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) and High density lipoprotein (HDL)
152
What is LDL
Bad cholesterol because high levels in the blood promotes buildup of plaque in the artery walls
153
What is HDL
Good cholesterol because it helps carry LDL cholesterol away from the artery walls
154
What are triglycerides?
A type of fat found in blood
155
High triglycerides are associated with
Being overweight
Excess alcohol consumption
Diabetes
156
Where are the Lungs located?
The Lungs extend from the supraclavicular ofssa to the 6th intercostal space at the midclavicular line, and to the 11th intercostal space at the back during quiet inspiration
157
Where does the Pluera extend to?
From the supraclavicular fossa to the 8th rib on the midclavicular line, and to the 10th rib on the mixaxillary line, and on the 12th rib on the lateral border of the erector spinae muscles
158
What is the first reading of blood pressure, the maximum contraction of the left ventricle?
Systolic
159
A systolic reading of 140 indicates
High blood pressure/hypertension
160
What is the second reading of blood pressure, when the heart is relaxed and is allowing blood to flow into the upper right?
Diastolic
161
Where is the Liver located?
From the 7th intercostal space on the right midaxillary line to the 5th intercostal space on the midclavicular line to the xiphosternal joint on the midline to the 5th costal cargilage on the left midclavicular line
162
Where is the lower border of the Liver located?
From the 11th intercostal space on the right midaxillary line across the lower border of the costal arch to the costocartialge joint of the 8th and 9th ribs to 3 cm below the xiphoid process
163
Where is the Kidney located?
Ont he posterior abdominal wall deep to the paravertebral muscles between T11/12 to L3 (the right KD is 1/2 vertebrae lower than the left)
164
Where is the Stomach located?
Upper left quadrant of the peritoneal cavity
165
Where is the Spleen located?
Beneath the 9th, 10th, and 11th ribs on the left side of the abdominal cavity
166
Where is the Bladder located?
Behind the pubic symphysis, can extend up to Ren 4 when full
167
What is Cirrhosis of the Liver?
A form of liver disease that causes permanent damage or scarring to the liver and can cause problem such as variceal bleeding, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy
168
What is viral hepatitis?
When a virus attacks the liver
169
Which forms of hepatitis can be prevented with vaccine?
A and B
170
What is the leading cause of liver transplants?
Hepatitis C
171
Fatty liver disease is linked to
Obesity
172
What factors can determine how a person's liver metabolizes alcohol?
Gender, age, nationality, weight, health
173
If the liver is required to detoxify alcohol continuously
Liver cells are destroyed or altered resulting in fatty liver deposits or inflammation and permanent scarring (cirrhosis)
Liver cancer can also result from alcohol induced liver disease
174
Furuncles are caused by
staph infections
175
What are carbuncles?
Clustered boils, from pea sized to golf balls with a yellow point in the center of the head
176
What is stage 1 breast cancer?
less than 3cm lump, no metastasis
177
What is stage 2 breast cancer?
Less than 5cm lumps, slight adhesions, enlarged lymph nodes on the same side
178
What is stage 3 breast cancer?
305cm lump, wide adhesions overlaying skin, ulcerative or sticks to the muscles of the thorax
179
What is stage 4 breast cancer?
Widely spread via the supraclavicular lymph nodes, distal organs are involved
180
What are varicose veins?
Blood clots due to malfunction in the veins
181
What is goiter?
Enlarged thyroid gland (either large or small), painless soft bumps with no edge that are bilateral and movable
182
What is the cause of endemic simple goiter?
Lack of iodine
183
What is the cause of sporadic secondary goiter?
Hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, drugs, cancer
184
What is scrofula?
TB infection of the lymph nodes in the neck. They are pea sized, hard, and movable. They can rupture with thin puss.
185
What is prostatitis?
Acute inflammation of the prostate caused by bacteria
186
What are the symptoms of prostatitis?
Urgent painful burning bloody uriantion
187
What is the cause of chronically inflamed prostate?
Non infection accompanied with benign or prostatic hyperplasia
188
What is benign prostatic hyperplasia?
Excessive cell growth of the prostate gland blocking the urine stream causing weak urine stream or urinary retention
189
What are some causes of low back pain
Strain, spasm, osteoarthritis, herniated disks, spinal stenosis, compression fractures, autoimmunity inflammation (ankylosing spondylitis)
190
What is the cause of acute lumbar sprain?
Sudden sprain or tear to muscles and ligaments supporting the back by sudden movement
191
Herniated disks of the lower back (L3, L4, L5, S1) are caused by
Physical pressure, chemical stimulation, or inflammation of the roots/spinal canal
192
What is carpal tunnel syndrome?
Pressure on the median nerve, tingling and numbness felt in the thumb, index, and middle fingers. The pain is worse atnight
193
What is a ganglion cyst?
A lump or sac of liquid 1-3cm that does not move, located on tissue or tendons. It can rupture and go away.
194
What is tennis elbow?
Inflammation of the lateral epicondylitis of the humerous
195
What is golfer's elbow?
Inflammation of the medial epicondylitis of the humerous
196
What is piriformis syndrome?
Inflammation or spasm of the piriformis muscle which compresses and stimulates the sciatic nerve
197
What are the two conditions necessary to diagnose frozen shoulder?
Pain, restricted movement
198
What is stage 1 of frozen shoulder?
6-9 weeks - Freezing or painful stage - slow onset of pain
199
What is stage 2 of frozen shoulder?
4-9 months - Frozen stage - slow movement of pain, stiffness remains
200
What is stage 3 of frozen shoulder?
5-26 months - thawing, normal shoulder movement
201
What three bones make up the shoulder?
Humerus, scapula, and clavicle
202
What kind of joint is the shoulder?
Ball and socket
203
What happens when the rotator cuff tendons are torn?
The tendons are no longer fully attached to the head of the humerus
204
Rotator cuff tears are usually in what muscle?
Supraspinatous
205
What are the two different types of rotator cuff tears?
Partial tear: damages the soft tissue but does not completely sever it
Full thickness tear: complete tear, the soft tissue is split into two peieces
206
What are the factors that contribute to rotator cuff tears?
Repetitive stress: sports, jobs or routine tears
Lack of blood supply: as we get older, blood supply to the rotator cuff tendons lessons and repair ability is diminished
Bone spurs: bone overgrowth on the acromion - shoulder impingement which weakens the tendons
207
Risk factors for rotator cuff tears?
People over 40
People who do repetitive lifting/overhead activities
Athletes
Painters/carpenters
208
Symptoms of a rotator cuff tear
Pain at rest and at night, especially if lying on the affected shoulder
Pain when lifting and lowering arm with specific movements
Weakness when lifting or rotating the arm
Crackling/crepitus sensation when moving shoulder in certain positions
209
The knee is composed of what three bones?
Femur, patella, and tibia
210
What is patellar tendonitis?
Inflammation of the tendon connecting the knee cap to the shin bone or tibia - also called Jumper's knee
211
What is the biggest muscle in the body?
Quadricepts
212
What is the biggest tendon in the body?
The achilles tendon
213
What is the Anterior Drawer test or Apley Grind test used for?
Determining what part of the knee/meniscus is injured
214
What are the purpose of the anterior cruciate ligaments (ACL)?
They prevent the femur from sliding backwards on the tibia. It is the most commonly injured knee problem. The knees give out - refer to surgery
215
What are the purpose of the collateral ligaments (MCL)?
Prevents the femur from going side to side on the knee
216
A blow to the outside of the knee can injure the
Medial collateral ligaments - rest, anti inflammatories, acupuncture
217
What is the cause of oestoarthritis in the knee? What are the symptoms?
Wear and tear of knee cartilage
| Knee pain and swelling
218
RA is what kind of condition and what does it cause?
Autoimmune disease
| Permanent joint damage
219
What is the largest bone in the foot
Calcaneus
220
What is calcaneodynia?
Heel pain caused by a bone spur on the back of the heel at the insertion of the achilles tendon
221
What is the cause of plantar fasciitis?
Excess running or standing on hard surfaces
222
What are the symptoms of plantar fasciitis?
Feels worse in the morning especialy when stepping down/weight bearing
223
A laterally sprained ankle (the ankle rolls outward) injures the
Anterior talofibular ligament
| Rest, ice for first 24-72 hours - wait 24 hrs before cupping
224
How is insulin released from the pancreas?
Releases hormones into the digestive system
When blood sugar levels get too high, the beta cells in the pancreas release insulin which causes cells to take in the sugar to use as energy or store it as fat
225
How does type 1 diabetes occur?
When the immune system mistakenly attacks and kills the beta cells of the pancreas so insulin is not released into the body and sugar builds up into the blood. 5-10% of diabetes patients have type 1. Generally develops in childhood or adolescence.
226
How is type 1 diabetes treated?
Insulin and meal planning
227
What is latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA)?
A type of type 1 diabetes where there is immune mediated loss of pancreatic cells
228
How does type 2 diabetes occur?
When the body can't properly use the insulin that is released or does not make up enough insulin and sugar builds up into the blood. About 90% of all diabetes patients have type 2. More often develops in adults but children can be affected.
229
How is type 2 diabetes treated?
Physical activity and meal planning, medications and/or insulin to control blood sugar more effectively
230
What is torticolis
A condition in which the head becomes persistently turned to one side, often associated with painful muscle spasms
231
A protozoa is a type of
parasite
232
Signs and symptoms of acute bronchitis
Yellow, white, or green phlegm usually appearing 24-48 hours after coughing
233
What are the tests of meningitis?
Lumbar puncture
Kernig's sign
Brudzinksi's sign
234
Neutrophils attack what?
Bacteria
235
Lymphocytes attack what?
Viruses
236
What is not included in the middle ear?
Eardrum
237
3 branches of trigeminal nerve
1. opathlamic
2. mandibular
3. maxillary
238
What nerve gives rise to taste?
Facial
239
Characteristics of staphlococcus aureas
Purulent infection/abscess
240
B12 is absorbed mainly in the
Ileum
241
If there is less pancreatic juice, what is the problem?
sugar
242
Mechanism of glaucoma
problem with aqueous humor circulation
243
Change of BM, pain in upper right quadrant, what is the disease
Cholecystitis
244
with cardiac infarction, what has pain?
upper abdomen
245
loss of consciousness and severe headache are a sign of
stroke
246
What can improve the breathing rate?
Co2 concentration
247
What is the valve between the left ventrical and atrium?
mitral
248
When there is acute appendicitis, what kind of white blood cells?
neutrophil granulocytes
249
Hemogram of acute suppurative appendicitis causes an increase in
neutrophils
250
Where does food last longest in the body?
SI
251
where does gastrointestinal substances last longest in the body?
colon
252
How long does food stay in the stomach?
2-3 hours
253
Hemoptysis cannot be found in which lung dx?
TB, pneumonina, chronic bronchial disease
254
Hemorrhage of the GI tract is most likely due to a
peptic ulcer
255
GI bile function is to
resolve fat
256
R uppper abdomen colic pain, light white stool, vomiting, sometimes jaundice - what is the syndrome?
GB inflammation and GB stones
257
Location of GB pain
upper right abdomen
258
Location of pancreatic pain
upper left abdomen
259
Action of epinephrine
control the heart and blood system
260
parathyroid ion
calcium
261
increase in neutrophils means
bacterial infection
262
most common white blood cell
Neutrophils 75%
263
second most common white blood cell
lymphocytes 20-40%
264
What do lymphocytes attack?
Viruses, leukemia
265
opthalmic branch of the Trigeminal nerve runs to the
eyes, and gives numbness at ST 2
266
which nerve gives rise to taste?
Facial nerve VII (7)
267
Which nerve is affected in Belly's Palsy
Facial nerve VII (7), causes decrease in salivation and inability to close eyelids
268
Which part of the brain balances the body's position?
cerebellum
269
which vein in the heart does not contain deoxygenated blood? ... contains oxygenated blood
pulmonary vein
270
Blood circulation through the heart
```
R Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
R ventricle
Pulmonary Valve
Pulmonary Artery
Lungs
Pulmonary Vein
Left Atrium
Mitral/Bicuspid valve
Left Ventricle
Aortic Valve
Ascending Aorta/Coronary arteries
```
271
What happens if L Ventricle fails?
- The heart can't pump out all the blood it receives, and blood goes back into the lung
- Which leads to Pulmonary Oedema
272
What happens if R ventricle fails?
- Blood goes back in systemic Veins, which over time causes Kidneys to increase the blood volume
- Resulting in peripheral edema
273
Cholecystitis/Gallbladder stones symptoms
- R upper abdominal Pain
- Vomit, jaundice, cramping, bloating, light white stools
- Pain that spreads to your back, and below the R shoulder blade
- Symptoms after a fatty meal, feel better after vomiting
274
Test for gallbladder stones
Muscle test over gallbladder
275
Stroke according to TCM
- Wind stroke caused by LV Hyperfunction/Disturbance of Blood and Body Fluid
- Acute symptoms> FAST > Facial droop, Arms can't raise, Slurred Speech, Loss of consciousness,
severe headache.
-Collapse into Coma, red face, clenched fists, gurgles sputum/ Wiry forceful speech
276
Symptoms of acute appendicitis
- Referred pain in the Umbilical region
- Nausea, vomiting
- Pain moves to the Right lower Quadrant
- +ve MC BURNEY test> 1/3 of distance, between ASIS and Umbilicus, guarding and severe pain
upon touch
-Neutrophils Granulocytes (WBC), will be significantly higher during acute Appedicitis
277
The thymus is part of the
endocrine system
278
What are two types of important white blood cells
T cells and B cells
279
Angina Pain
- Due to emotional distress
- Pain in the centre of the chest, that spreads to the L arm. (Can create numbness)
- Sharp, burning cramping pain
- Can spread between the shoulder blades
280
What is the function of pancreatin?
-To help the digestion of Amylum-starch, protein, fat
281
What is the narrowest part of the throat?
- In adults> Rima Glottidis
| - In children> Circoid Cartillage
282
What will we see during a hemogram taken when there is an appendicitis?
Increase in neutrophils
283
Where are B-Lymphcytes produced, and what is their function?
- They are produced in the bone marrow, where these B-Cells travel to SP, and other lymphoid tissues.
- B-cells are important for our immune system, because they generate antiboedies
- T-cells acivate B-Cells
284
Which blood vessels nourish the liver?
Hepatic artery: supplies oxygen
| Portal vein: carries deoxygenated blood
285
What happens during Pancreatitis?
-Pancreas releases Trypsin instead of “Trypsinogen”
286
What is the mechanism of edema due to R-Heart failure?
-L-Lung problem > too much blood remains
287
What are the endocrine glands?
- Thyroid/ Parathyroid
- Ovaries/ Testes
- Pineal/Pituitary/Pineal/ Adrenal
288
Pain differences of ulcers
- Gastric Pain> Goes up to esophagus, not relieved with eating
- Duodenal Ulcers> Pain is relieved with eating
- Peptic Ulcers> Burning Pain with hunger
- Hemorrhage in the GI, is usually caused by ulcers
289
Function of Epinephrine
- Epinephrine increases cardiac output
- Increases Ht rate
- Increases force of contraction, increases blood flow to cardiac mm during exercise
290
Rheumatic valve disease
- Is taking place in the Mitral Valve
- Caused by A.Streptococcus
- Pancarditis/ Myocarditis/ Arrhytmia/ Atrial dialation/ Ventricular Dysfunction/ Heart Failure
291
Goiter
- Enlarged Thyroid Gland
- Endemic simple goitre> Lack of Iodine
- Spodaric Secondary Goiter > Hyper/Hypo Thyroidism, drugs, cancer
292
Diabetes
- Key part of treatment> Monitoring Blood sugar level
- Pancreas releases insuline, which can use sugar as energy or store it as fat
- Which causes blood sugar levels to go down to normal
293
Type 1 Diabetes
- Immune system mistakenly attacks Beta cells of the Pancreas> Blood levels go up
- 5-10% of patients> Usually found in Children and Teenagers
294
Type 2 Diabetes
- Insuline insensitivity
- Body can't properly use the insuline/ Or does not make enough Insuline
- Sugar builds up due to that> 90% of diabetes. Can be managed with health diet/ meds/ exercise
295
Cranial Nerve 1: Olfactory
Smell
296
Cranial Nerve 2: Optic
Vision
297
Cranial nerve 3: Occulomotor
Movement of eyeball
298
Cranial Nerve 4: Trochlear
Movement of eyeball
299
Cranial Nerve 5: Trigeminal
Sensation of touch, taste, mov lower jaw
300
Cranial Nerve 6: Abducent
Eye movement
301
Cranial Nerve 7: Facial
Taste, salivation, swallowing
302
Cranial Nerve 8: Auditory
Hearing
303
Cranial Nerve 9: Glossopharyngeal
Taste, salivation, swallowing
304
Cranial Nerve 10: Vagus
Gastric/pancreatic secretion, cardiac/visceral/respiratory reflex
305
Cranial Nerve 11: Spinal Accessory
Shoulders/visceral effects
306
Cranial Nerve 12: Hypoglossal
Tongue movement
307
Pneumothorax
* Accumulation of air in the pleural space
* Unilateral chest pain, dyspnea, unilateral chest expansion, decreased tactile fremitus, hyper-resonance, diminished breath sounds, all on the affected side
308
Spontaneous Pneumothorax
• Accumulation of air in the pleural space, occurs most frequently in tall, thin, young males
309
Which cranial nerves are purely sensory?
1, 2, 8
310
Vestibular and cochlear cranial nerve
Cranial Nerve 8
311
Which cranial nerve is for Motor scm and trapezius?
Cranial Nerve 9 (neck accessory)
312
Sympathetic cranial nerves
3, 7, 9, 10
313
Which cranial nerve is not related to eye movement?
CN 2
314
Biopsy of CN 7 for
Bell's palsy
315
CN 7 is located around
SJ17
316
C9 nerve root is associated with
The bicep's muscle reflex
317
C 7 nerve root is associated with
The tricep's muscle reflex
318
L 4 nerve root is associated with
The patella's reflex
319
S 1 nerve root is associated with
Achilles reflex
320
C 6 nerve root is associated with
Brachioradials reflex
321
L 5 is nerve root associated with
Foot reflex
322
T10 nerve root is associated with
The umbilicus
323
T4 nerve root is associated with
Popliteal fossa and nipple
