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Bio, AP GOV, Biomed, E+E, Math, ELA > biomed > Flashcards

biomed Flashcards

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1
Q

what is dna

A

Blueprint for our physical traits. Also a double stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable
of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell’s proteins.

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2
Q

How do scientists isolate DNA in order to study it?

A

DNA extraction. You extract DNA from the other parts of the cell, the buffer/detergent (soap)
breaks down the cell membrane, alcohol precipitates the DNA (separates the DNA and allows
it to float to the surface)

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2
Q

How does DNA differ from person to person?

A

The only difference between two people’s DNA is the sequence of the base pairs

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3
Q

How can tools of molecularbiology be used to compare the DNA of two individuals?

A

The restriction enzymes and gel electrophoresis can be used to match or compare DNA. PCR
can be used to make more copies of DNA if there isn’t enough to examine

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3
Q

what are restriction enzymes

A

Enzymes that cut DNA into fragments at specific patterns (ex GC| CG)

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4
Q

how do you read restriction enzymes

A

left to right

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5
Q

which strand do you use to read restriction enzymes

A

the top one

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6
Q

What are restriction fragment length polymorphisms(RFLPs)?

A

Different sized fragments of DNA produced from treatment with restriction Enzymes. Size is
determined by how many base pairs the fragment is made up of.

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7
Q

can people make the same RFLP?

A

Since every one’s DNA is
different, no two people will produce the same RFLPs

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8
Q

What is gel electrophoresis and how can the results ofthis technique be interpreted?

A

Gel electrophoresisis amolecular analysis technique used to identify the presence of genes
and to identify unknown DNA samples. Results are interpreted by comparing the known and
unknown lanes.

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9
Q

adenine

A

A component of nucleic acids, energy-‐carrying molecules such as ATP, and certain coenzymes. Chemically, it is a purine base.

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10
Q

chromosome

A

any of the usually linear bodies in the cell nucleus that contains the genetic material

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10
Q

cytosine

A

A component of nucleic acids that carries hereditary information in DNA and RNA in cells. Chemically, it is a pyrimidine base.

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11
Q

dna

A

A double-‐stranded, helical nucleicacid molecule capable of replicating and
determining the inherited structure of a cell’s proteins.

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12
Q

gel electrophoresis

A

The separation of nucleic acids or proteins, on the basis of their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel.

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13
Q

gene

A

A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).

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14
Q

guanine

A

A component of nucleic acids that carries hereditary information in DNA and RNA in cells. Chemically, it is a purine base.

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15
Q

helix

A

something in spiral form

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16
Q

nucleotide

A

A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-‐carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

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17
Q

restriction enzyme

A

a degradative enzyme that recognizes specific nucleotide sequences and cuts up DNA

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18
Q

restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP’s)

A

Differences in DNA sequence on homologous chromosomes that can result in different patterns of restriction fragment lengths(DNA segments resulting from
treatment with restriction enzymes).

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19
Q

thyamine

A

A component of nucleic acid that carries hereditary information in DNA in cells.
Chemically, it is a pyrimidine base.

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20
Q
  1. What is an autopsy and how can it be used to determine the cause of death?
A

It is an examination of the body after death usually with such dissection as will expose the
vital organs for determining the cause of death. It can be used to see how the organs or if any
of the organs failed or were damaged.

21
Q

How can the manner of death be determined?

A

Through examining the medical condition of victim (3 steps)
1. External examination: results recorded, physical characteristics are listed, body
measured and weighed
2. Internal examination: organs examined and weighed
3. Chemical and microscopic analysis: Tissues and bodily fluids are analyzed more
closely for cause andmanner of death

22
Q

Why is confidentiality ofpatient information important?

A

Patients share personal information with health care providers. If the confidentiality of this
information were not protected, trust in the provider-patient relationship would be diminished.
Patients would be less likely to share sensitive information, which could negatively impact
their care

22
Q

who should keep patient information confidential

A

all health professionals

23
Q

Is there ever a time when patient confidentiality should be broken?

A
  • When the patient is deceased
  • when there is a court ordered warrant
  • the parent of a minor has the right to their child’s medical information
  • if the patient threatens to harm themselves or others
24
Q

What biomedical science professionals are involved in crime scene analysis and determination of
manner of death?

A

Blood spatter analyst, forensic DNA analyst, medical examiner/coroner, coroner’s assistant, morgue
technician, Crime Scene Analyst, Forensic Pathologist

25
Q

autopsy

A

An examination of the body after death usually with such dissection as will expose the
vital organs for determining the cause of death.

26
Q

bibliography

A

A document showing all the sources used to research information.

27
Q

citation

A

A written reference to a specific work (book, article, dissertation,report, musical
composition, etc.) by a particular author or creator which identifiesthe document in
which the work may be found.

28
Q

documentation

A

The act of creating citations to identify resources used in writing a work.

29
Q

health insurance portability and accountability act (HIPAA)

A

A comprehensive set ofstandards and practices designed to give patients specific
rights regarding their personal health information.

30
Q

medical examiner

A

A physician who performs an autopsy when death may be accidental or violent.He or she may also serve in some jurisdictions as the coroner.

30
Q

what is diabetes?

A

A disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels and caused by insufficient insulin or the
inability of insulin to function properly

31
Q

How does the development of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes relate to howthe body produces and uses insulin?

A
  • Type 1 diabetes: A genetic disorder in which the pancreas does not produce insulin
  • Type 2 diabetes: A lifestyle disorder in which insulin is defective and cannot let glucose into the cell
32
Q

What is the relationship between insulin and glucose?

A
  • When blood glucose levels increase, insulin levels also increase.
  • Eventually the insulin causes the glucose to leave the blood and move into the cell, causing a decrease
    in blood glucose, which is followed by a decrease in insulin until the blood returns to normal fasting
    glucose levels.
33
Q

How does insulin assist with the movement of glucose into body cells?

A
  • 1) Insulin Binds receptor
  • 2) Signal sent to DNAto transcribe/translate GLUT 4 transporter
  • 3) GLUT 4 transporter is added to the cell membrane by exocytosis
  • 4) GLUT 4 transporter allows Glucose into the cell
34
Q

homeostasis

A
  • the maintenance or relatively stable internal conditions (ie body temperature or glucose levels
    in blood) in higher animals under fluctuating environmental conditions (NORMAL/OPTIMAL
    CONDITION FOR THE BODY)
34
Q

What does feedback refer to in the human body?

A
  • The body uses feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis within the body.
  • Negative: reverse change;shiver when body temperature is low.(return to homeostasis)
  • Positive: magnify process; fever (moves farther and farther from homeostasis)
35
Q

glucagon

A

A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin.

36
Q

glucose tolerance test

A

A test of the body’s ability to metabolize glucose that involvesthe administration of a
measured dose of glucose to the fasting stomach and the determinationof blood
glucose levelsin the blood or urine at intervals thereafter and that is used especially
to detect diabetes.

37
Q

homeostasis

A

The maintenance of relatively stable internal physiological conditions(as body
temperature or the pH of blood) in higher animals under fluctuating environmental
conditions.

38
Q

hormone

A

A product of living cellsthat circulates in blood and produces a specific, often
stimulatory, effect on the activity of cellsthat are often far from the source of the
hormone.

39
Q

insulin

A

A protein hormone secreted by the pancreas that is essential for the metabolismof

carbohydrates and the regulation of glucose levelsin the blood.

40
Q

negative feedback

A

A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable
that is beingmonitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation.

41
Q

positive feedback

A

Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output.

42
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

Diabetes of a form that usually develops during childhood or adolescence and is
characterized by a severe deficiency of insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels.

43
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

Diabetes of a form that develops especially in adults and most often obese individuals
and that is characterized by high blood glucose resulting from impaired insulin
utilization coupled with the body’s inability to compensate with increased insulin
production.

44
Q

How can carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins be detected in foods?

A
  • Biuret’s Solution: Glucose/Sugars
  • Iodine: Starch
  • Benedict’s Solution: Protein
  • Paper Bag: Lipids
45
Q

What types of foods supply sugar, starch, proteins and lipids?

A
  • Sugar– candy, marshmallows, soda
  • Starch- bread, pasta, crackers
  • Protein- meat, beans
  • Lipids- avocado, oils, meats
45
Q

How can food labels be used to evaluate dietary choices?

A

How many calories are in the food, what nutrients are in the food, etc.

46
Q

What role do basic nutrients play in the function of the human body?

A
  • carbohydrates: energy storage.
  • Proteins: to build, maintain, and repair the tissuesin the body.
  • Lipids: fats in the food store large amounts of energy, structure of membranes, cell
    communication, and bone structure
47
Q

What are the main structural components of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids?

A
  • carbohydrates: CHO Building block: monosaccharide.
  • Lipids: CHO Building block: glycerol, fatty acids.
  • Proteins:CHON (amino acids: R variable group, carboxyl group, amino group)
  • Nucleic Acids: CHONP (Nucleotides: phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogen base)
48
Q
A

Bio, AP GOV, Biomed, E+E, Math, ELA (6 decks)

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