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CALE STUDY > Biomed > Flashcards

Biomed Flashcards

1
Q

This antibody is most abundant (70-80%), it is the main Ig in blood, lymphs, cerebrospinal fluid, perineal fluid. It can cross the placenta so a pregnant woman can pass immunity to the fetus. It is present in plasma tissues.

A

IgG

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2
Q

This immunoglobulin is the** first to appear in response to an antigen. Though it is present in plasma, it cannot cross the placenta. It comprises 7%** of total immunoglobulins.

A

IgM

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3
Q

This immunoglobulin is frond in serum, colostrum, respiratory and intestinal mucosal membranes, saliva, and tears. It cannot cross the placenta. It is given to the baby from the mother via breast milk. Comprises 16-19% of immunoglobulins.

A

IgA

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4
Q

This is the least predominant Ig (0.01%). It is found in plasma, secretion of exocrine glands.** It promotes allergic histamine reaction.**

A

IgE

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5
Q

This is the least understood immunoglobulin. It comprises 1% of total immunoglobulins and its function is not well known. Though it serves as a receptor for B-lymphocytes.

A

IgD

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6
Q

This imaging technique is useful in the detection of pathology in the skeletal system, but may also help detect some diseases in soft tissue.

A

X-Ray

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7
Q

This diagnostic medical imaging technique is used to visualize muscles, tendons, the size, structure, and pathological lesions of many internal organs including: GB, LV, SP, HT, KD, gonads, blood vessels, lymph abnormalities, and fetal development.

A

Ultrasound

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8
Q

This medical imaging technique uses tomography where digital geometry processing is used to generate a 3D image of the internals of an object from a large series of 2D X-Ray images taken around a single axis of rotation. They may help to see tumors, blood clots, CVA, GI lesions, abdominal abscesses, biliary obstruction, aortic or cardiac aneurysms, and spinal disorders.

A

CT Scan

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9
Q

This medical imaging technique is non-invasive and is used to render images of the inside of a patient while they are stationary. This may help to view cancerous tissue, atherosclerotic tissue, joints, spine, brain, valves of the heart, tumors, tendons, and ligaments.

A

MRI

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10
Q

Increased RBC may indicate

A
  • Polycthemia
  • Renal disease
  • Pulmonary disease
  • CV disease
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11
Q

Decreased RBC may indicate

A
  • Anemia
  • Hodgkin’s Leukemia
  • Sickle Cell Disease
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12
Q

Increased Hct and Hgb may indicate

A
  • Dehydration
  • Shock
  • COPD
  • CHF
  • Polycthemia
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13
Q

Decreased Hct & Hgb may indicate

A
  • Anemia
  • Leukemia
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Cirrhosis
  • Massive Trauma
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14
Q

Increased WBC may indicate

A
  • Acute Infection
  • Neoplasm
  • Leukemia
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15
Q

Decreased WBC may indicate

A
  • Bone marrow problem
  • Immunity problem
  • Fe deficiency, ETOH
  • Metastasis
  • Viral infection (HIV/AIDS)
  • Chemotherapy
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16
Q

Increased ESR may indicate

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

A
  • Kidney pathology
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis, Lupus
  • Thyroid disease
  • Multiple myeloma
  • Inflammation
  • Pregnancy
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17
Q

Decreased ESR may indicate

A
  • CHF
  • Low plasma protein
  • Polycthemia
  • Sickle Cell
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18
Q

Higher-than-normal Iron may indicate

A
  • Acute hepatitis
  • Nephrosis
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19
Q

Low Iron may indicate

A
  • Anemia
  • Lupus, RA
  • Hypothyroidism
  • 3rd trimester of pregnancy
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20
Q

High BUN may indicate

Blood Urea Nitrogen

A
  • Kidney pathology
  • GI Bleed
  • Heart Failure
  • High-protein diet
  • Dehydration
  • Steroid use
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21
Q

Low BUN may indicate

A
  • Pregnancy
  • Malnutrition
  • Liver pathology
  • Acromegaly
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22
Q

Increased Creatinine levels may indicate

A
  • Kidney pathology
  • Hyperthyroidism
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23
Q

Low Creatinine levels may indicate

A
  • Loss of muscle mass
  • Aging
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24
Q

Increased Uric Acid may indicate

A
  • Gout
  • Arthritis
  • Kidney stones/ disease
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25
Q

Low Uric Acid may indicate

A
  • Chronic kidney disease
  • Low thyroid
  • Toxemia
  • ETOH
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26
Q

Increased Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK) may indicate

A
  • Myocardial Infarction
  • ETOH
  • Skeletal muscle disease
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27
Q

Increased Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) may indicate

A
  • MI; pulmonary infarction
  • Anemia, leukemia
  • Malignancy
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28
Q

Decreased LDH may indicate

A
  • Malnutrition
  • Hypoglycemia
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29
Q

Increased GGT, AST, and ALT may indicate

Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase
SGOT, Aspartate Aminotransferase
SGPT, Alanine Aminotransferase

A
  • Liver pathology
  • Cardiac muscle damage
  • ETOH
  • Muscle injury
  • Muscular dystrophy
  • Neoplasm
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30
Q

Decreased GGT, AST, and ALT may indicate

A
  • Malnutrition
  • Vitamin B deficiency
  • Pregnancy
  • Hypothalamism
  • Hypothyroidism
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31
Q

Increased Alkaline Phosphatase may indicate

A
  • Growing children
  • Pregnancy
  • Bone/liver pathology
  • Gallstones
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32
Q

Decreased Alkaline Phosphatase may indicate

A
  • Hypophosphatasia (genetic)
  • Hypoadrenia
  • Malnutrition
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33
Q

Increased LDL may indicate

A
  • Atherosclerosis
  • CHD - coronary heart disease
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34
Q

Too low LDLs may indicate

A
  • Depression, anxiety
  • Violent behavior, suicide
  • Hemorrhagic stroke
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35
Q

Increased HDLs may indicate

A
  • Vigorous exercise
  • Insulin
  • Estrogens
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36
Q

Too low HDLs may indicate

A
  • Starvation
  • Obesity, hypothyroidism
  • Smoking
  • Diabetes Mellitus, LV Disease
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37
Q

Increased T4 may indicate

A
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Pregnancy
  • Birth control
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38
Q

Low T4 may indicate

A
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Pituitary Sx
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39
Q

This test is most important for diagnosing LV disease

A

ALT

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40
Q

Ordering ALT with AST can help differentiate

A

Liver damage vs. Injury to cardiac muscle

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41
Q

What S/Sx would lead you to order an ALT/AST blood test for your patient?

A

Weakness, fatigue, anorexia, N/V, abd. swelling or pn, jaundice, dark urine, pale stool, pruritis

Hx/Family Hx of hepatitis, alcoholism, LV disease , diabetes, long-term use of medication

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42
Q

If AST, ALT, and ALP are all elevated, what is the likely diagnosis?

A

Liver disease

43
Q

If AST and ALT are low, but ALP is high, what is the likely diagnosis?

A

Bone disease or bone cancer

44
Q

If both GGT and ALP are high, is the disorder more likely to be bone or liver?

45
Q

Increased salt intake coupled with excess sweating or diuretics and/or dehydration may lead to this elevated electrolyte condition.

A

Hypernatremia (Inc. Na+)

46
Q

Treatment for hypernatremia includes

A

Free water IV therapy

47
Q

Renal fluid loss, diuretic use, Addison’s disease, chronic renal disease, CHF, ketoacidosis, kidney disease may lead to what decreased electrolyte condition?

A

Hyponatremia

48
Q

Standard-of-care for Hyponatremia includes:

A

RED FLAG: Refer to ER immediately

Saline drip, fluid restriction, removal of diuretics

49
Q

Common S/Sx for hypernatremia includes:

A

Dehydration, thirst, fatigue, restlessness, dry mouth, fast heart rate, insufficient urine production, altered level of consciousness, irritability

50
Q

Common S/Sx for Hyponatremia includes:

A

N/V, H/A, confusion, loss of energy/ lethargy/ drowsiness/ fatigue, muscle weakness, spasms, cramps, seizures, coma

51
Q

Acute renal failure, chronic kidney disease, rhabdomyolosis, excessive use of potassium supplements, Type 1 Diabetes, adrenal insufficiency, angiotensin II receptor blockers, ACE inhibitors, Beta blockers, use of penicillin, urinary obstruction may cause this elevated electrolyte condition

A

Hyperkalemia (K+)

52
Q

What common S/Sx may lead you to believe your patient may have hyperkalemia?

A

Flaccid paralysis, chest pn, irregular heartbeat that may resemble “fluttering,” abd. pn, diarrhea, N/V

53
Q

What is the standard-of-care for hyperkalemia?

A

Inhaled Beta-2 agonist, Hemodialysis, IV calcium gluconate, IV insulin/ glucose

54
Q

Chronic diarrhea from laxative use, ingestion of bentonite clay, heavy use of Gan Cao, chewing tobacco, Cushing’s syndrome, Bartter syndrome, use of diuretics, use of corticosteroids may lead to what decreased electrolyte condition?

A

Hypokalemia (K+)

55
Q

Common S/Sx of hypokalemia may include:

A

Muscle spasms/ twitches, cramps, severe muscle weakness nearly leading to paralysis, arrythmia, hypotension, faintness, polyuria, polydipsia

56
Q

What is the standard-of-care for hypokalemia?

A

IV Potassium, continuous ECG monitoring esp. if levels are < 3 mEq/L,

57
Q

Hyperparathyroidism, cancer with bone metastasis, Paget’s disease, osteoporosis, paraplegia, quadriplegia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, Vitamin A&D toxicity, tuberculosis, contaminated glassware with blood, prolonged venous stasis, myxedema, Cushing’s and Addison’s disease, use of litium, Theophylline, and Thiazide, may be the underlying cause(s) of which elevated electrolyte imbalance?

A

Hypercalcemia (Ca++)

58
Q

Common S/Sx of Hypercalcemia?

A

Constipation, anorexia, N/V, abd. pn, polyuria, nocturia, polydipsia, delirium, confusion, bone pain

59
Q

Standard-of-care for Hypercalcemia includes:

A

IV saline, Furosemide, Bisphosphonates, hemodialysis

60
Q

Common causes for this decreased electrolyte condition includes hypoparathyroidism, Vit D deficiency, Renal disease, Mg depletion, acute pancreatitis, hypoporetinemia, Septic shock, hyperphosphatemia, anticonvulant use

A

Hypocalcemia

61
Q

Common S/Sx of hypocalcemia includes

A

Carpopedal spasms/latent tetany (+) Trousseau sign, parasthesia of lips, fingers, feet, muscle aches, dry scaly skin, Facial spasm (+) Chvostek sign,

62
Q

Treatment for Hypocalcemia includes:

A

For tetany: IV calcium gluconate
For chronic hypocalcemia: oral calcium and Vitamin D supplementation

63
Q

Common causes for this elevated electrolyte imbalance includes: hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, advanced renal failure, severe vitamin D deficiency, high intake of phosphorus

A

Hyperphosphatemia (P/ PO₄³⁻ as phosphate)

64
Q

Common S/Sx of Hyperphosphatemia include:

A

Risk of decreased bone density/hypocalcemia, so S/Sx of hypocalcemia may occur including: muscle cramps, brittle nails, dry skin, dry/coarse hair (dryer or more coarse than normal), tetany

65
Q

Treatment for hyperphosphatemia includes

A

Phosphorus restriction or phosphate binders

66
Q

Common causes for this decreased electrolyte condition includes: the recovery phase of ketoacidosis, acute alcoholism, undernutrition, hyperparathyroidism, hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia, chronic fastic, long-term antacid use

A

Hypophophatemia

67
Q

S/Sx of hypophosphatemia include:

A

Mild hypophosphatemia: asymptomatic or mild to moderate muscle weakness

Severe hypophosphatemia: muscle and bone pain, muscular weakness, altered mental state/ confusion/ irritability, numbness/ reflexive weakness, seizures, coma

68
Q

Treatment for hypophosphatemia includes:

A

Oral Phosphorus replacement for mild to moderate cases

IV Phosphorus replacement for severe cases

69
Q

This elevated electrolyte condition is very rare and is most likely caused by renal failure or kidney malfunction

A

Hypermagnesemia (Mg++)

70
Q

Hypermagnesemia S/Sx include:

A

Symptomatic hypermagnesemia is RARE and occurs in patients experiencing renal failure after ingesting magnesium-containing drugs like antacids or laxatives.

S/Sx: hyporeflexia, hypotension, respiratory depression, cardiac arrest

71
Q

Treatment for hypermagnesemia includes:

A

Calcium gluconate
Diuresis
Dialysis

72
Q

This decreased electrolyte condition can likely be attributed secondary to dietary deficiency as seen in alcoholism, termical cancer, anorexia nervosa, and starvation. It can also be secondary to GI and Renal losses, including: diarrhea, gastric bypass surgery. It can also be due to genetic conditions and certain medications.

A

Hypomagnesemia

73
Q

S/Sx of hypomagnesemia include

A

(+) Chvostek sign - facial tics/ tremors d/t stimulation anterior to ear, (+) Trosseau sign - carpopedal spasm/ latent tetany, (+) Babinski sign - stimulation of lateral plantar aspect of foot leading to extension, nystagmus, anorexia, N/V, lethargy, weakness, personality change

74
Q

Treatment for hypomagnesemia includes

A

Mild - Oral magnesium salts
Severe - IV or IM magnesium sulfate

75
Q

Most definitive diagnostic method for thyroid cancer?

A

Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy

76
Q

Myxedema [coma] is an extreme, sometimes fatal, complication of what thyroid disorder?

A

Hypothyroidism

77
Q

Non-compliance of what medication may lead to myxedema coma?

A

Levothyroxine

78
Q

Decreased TSH with elevated T3/T4 is likely to be hypo- or hyper- thyroidism?

A

Hyperthyroidism (likely Graves’)

79
Q

Cachexia, agitation, heart palpitations, exophthalmos, decreased TSH/TRH and elevated T3/T4 is likely to be hypo- or hyper- thyroidism?

A

Hyperthyroidism (likely Graves’)

80
Q

Most common cause of goiters worldwide?

A

Lack of iodine in the diet

81
Q

A patient is diagnosed with hypothyroidism and subsequently started on levothyroxine. When is the most appropriate time for re-evaluation?

A

Check TSH levels in 4-6 weeks

82
Q

What medication will most likely be prescribed for a pregnant patient that has just been diagnosed with Graves hyperthyroidism in the first trimester?

A

Propylthiouracil (PTU)

83
Q

What medication will most likely be prescribed for a pregnant patient that has just been diagnosed with Graves hyperthyroidism in the 2nd or 3rd trimester

A

Methimazole

84
Q

What conditions may cause DIFFUSE/ ACUTE Abdominal Pain?

A

Acute Pancreatitis
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Early Appendicitis
Gastroenteritis
Intestinal Obstruction
Mesenteric Ischemia
Peritonitis
Sickle Cell Crisis
Spontaneous Periotonitis
Typhoid Fever

85
Q

What abdominal conditions may cause pain the RIGHT OR LEFT UQ?

A

Acute Pancreatitis
Herpes Zoster
Lower Lobe Pneumonia
Myocardial Ischemia
Radiculitis

86
Q

What abdominal conditions may cause pain in specifically the RUQ?

A

Cholecystitis/ Cholelithiasis/ Biliary Colic
Congestive Hepatomegaly
Hepatitis
Perforated Duodenal Ulcer
Retrocecal Appendicitis

87
Q

What abdominal conditions may cause pain in specifically the RUQ?

A

Cholecystitis/ Biliary Colic
Congestive Hepatomegaly
Hepatitis
Perforated Duodenal Ulcer
Retrocecal Appendicitis

88
Q

What abdominal conditions may cause pain specifically in the LUQ

A

Gastritis
Splenic Disorders

89
Q

What abdominal conditions may cause pain specifically in the RLQ

A

Appendicitis
Cecal diverticulitis
Meckel’s diverticulitis
Mesenteric Adenitis

90
Q

What abdominal disorders may cause pain specifically in the LLQ?

A

Sigmoid Diverticulitis

91
Q

What abdominal disorders may cause pain in either the RIGHT or LEFT LQ?

A

Abdominal or Psoas abscess
Abdominal Wall Hematoma
Cystitis
Endometriosis
Incarcerated or Strangulated Hernia
IBD
Mittelschmerz
PID
Renal Calculi
Ruptured Abd. Aortic Aneurysm
Ruptured Ectopic Pregnancy
Ovarian (Cyst) Torsion or Testes Torsion

92
Q

BP of <120/ <80 is?

93
Q

BP of 120-129 / 80-84 is?

94
Q

BP of 130-139/ 85-89 is?

A

HIGH NORMAL

95
Q

BP of 140-159/ 90-99

A

GRADE 1 HTN

96
Q

BP of 160-179/ 100-109 is?

A

GRADE 2 HTN

97
Q

BP of >180/ >110 is?

A

GRADE 3 HTN
Hypertensive Crisis

98
Q

Isolated Systolic HTN reading is?

A

> 140/ <90

99
Q

Digestive enzyme that digests starches

100
Q

Digestive enzyme that digests lipids

101
Q

Digestive enzyme that digests protein

102
Q

Digestive enzyme that digests nucleic acids

A

Ribonuclease

103
Q

Treatments of HTN Include

Hint: Know your ABCDs

A

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs) -or- Angiotension II Receptor Blockers

Beta Blockers

Calcium Channel Blockers

Diuretics

CALE STUDY (20 decks)

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