Biomechanics And Kinesiology - Glossary Flashcards
1
Q
Acceleration
A
- change in velocity of a body over time, expressed in linear and angular terms
2
Q
Accessory movements
A
- slight, passive, nonvolitional movements allowed in most joints
3
Q
Active force
A
- push or pull generated by stimulated muscle
4
Q
Active movement
A
- motion caused by stimulated muscle
5
Q
Agonist muscle
A
- muscle or muscle group that is most directly related to the initiation and execution of a particular movement
6
Q
Anatomic position
A
- the generally agreed on the reference position of the body used to describe the location and movements of its parts
- person is standing fully upright, looking forward, arms resting by the side and the palms facing forwards
7
Q
Angle-of-insertion
A
- angle formed between a tendon of a muscle and the long axis of the bone into which it inserts
8
Q
Antagonist muscle
A
- muscle or muscle group that has the action opposite to a particular agonist muscle
9
Q
Arthrokinematics
A
- motions of roll, slide, and spin that occur between curved articular surfaces of joints
10
Q
Axial rotation
A
- angular motion of an object in a direction perpendicular to its longitudinal axis
11
Q
Axis of rotation
A
- an imaginary lone extending through a joint around which rotation occurs
12
Q
Bending
A
- effect of a force that deforms a material at right angles to its long axis
- bent tissue is compressed on its concave side and placed under tension on its convex side
13
Q
Center of mass
A
- point at the exact center of an object’s mass
14
Q
Close-packed position
A
- unique postion of most joints of the body where the articular surfaces are most congruent and the ligaments are maximally taut
15
Q
Compliance
A
- the inverse of stiffness
16
Q
Compression
A
- a force, applied perpendicularly to the contact surface, that pushes or pulls one object directly against another
17
Q
Concentric activation
A
- activated muscle that shortens as it produces a pulling force
18
Q
Creep
A
- a progressive strain of a material when exposed to a constant load over time
19
Q
Degrees of freedom
A
- number of independent directions of movements allowed at a joint
20
Q
Displacement
A
- change in the linear or angular position of an object
21
Q
Distal-on-proximal segment kinematics
A
- type of movement in which the distal segment of a joint rotates relative to a fixed proximal segment
22
Q
Distraction
A
- a force, applied perpendicularly to the contact surface, that pushes or pulls one object directly away from another
23
Q
Eccentric activation
A
- activated muscle that is producing a pulling force while being elongated by another more dominant force
24
Q
Elasticity
A
- property of a material demonstrated by its ability to return to its original length after the removal of a deforming force
25
Q
External force
A
- push or pull produced by sources located outside the body
26
Q
External moment arm
A
- perpendicular distance between an axis of rotation and the external force
27
Q
External torque
A
- product of an external force and its external moment arm
28
Q
Force
A
- a push or pull that produces, arrests, or modifies a motion
29
Q
Force-couple
A
- two or more muscles acting in different linear directions, but producing a torque in the same rotary direction
30
Q
Force of gravity
A
- potential acceleration of a body toward the center of the earth as a result of gravity
31
Q
Friction
A
- resistance to movement between two contacting surfaces
32
Q
Internal force
A
- push or pull produces by a structure located within the body
33
Q
Internal moment arm
A
- perpendicular distance between the axis of rotation and the internal force
34
Q
Internal torque
A
- product of an internal force and its internal moment arm
35
Q
Isometric activation
A
- activated muscle that maintains a constant length as it produces a pulling force
36
Q
Joint reaction force
A
- force that exists at a joint, developed in reaction to the net effect of internal and external forces
37
Q
Kinematics
A
- branch of mechanics that describes the motion of a body, without regard to the forces or torques that may produce motion
38
Q
Kinematic chain
A
- series of articulated segmented links
39
Q
Kinetics
A
- branch of mechanics that describes the effect of forces and torques on the body
40
Q
Leverage
A
- relative moment arm length possessed by a particular force
41
Q
Line of force
A
- direction and orientation of a muscle’s force
42
Q
Line of gravity
A
- direction and orientation of the gravitational pull on a body
43
Q
Load
A
- the application of a force to a body
44
Q
Longitudinal body
A
- axis that extends within and parallel to a long bone or body segment
45
Q
Loose-packed position
A
- positions of most synovial joints of the body in which the articular surfaces are least congruent
46
Q
Mass
A
- quantity of matter in an object
47
Q
Mechanical advantage
A
- ratio of the internal moment arm to the external moment arm
48
Q
Moment arm
A
- perpendicular distance between an axis of rotation and the line of force
49
Q
Muscle action
A
- potential of a muscle to produce a torque within a particular plane of motion and rotation direction
- flexion, extension, pronation and supination
50
Q
Osteokinematics
A
- motion of bones relative to the three cardinal, or principle, planes
51
Q
Passive force
A
- push or pull generated by sources other than stimulated muscle
52
Q
Passive movement
A
- motion produced by a source other than activated muscle
53
Q
Plasticity
A
- property of a material demonstrated by remaining permanently deformed after the removal of a force
54
Q
Pressure
A
- force divided by a surface area
55
Q
Productive antagonism
A
- low-level tension within stretched connective tissue performs a useful function
56
Q
Proximal-on-distal segment kinematics
A
- type of movement in which the proximal segment of a joint rotates relative to a fixed distal segment
57
Q
Roll
A
- when multiple points on one rotating articular surface contact multiple points on another articular surface
58
Q
Rotation
A
- angular motion in which a rigid body moves in a circular path around a pivot point or an axis of rotation
59
Q
Scalar
A
- quantity that is completely specified by its magnitude and has no direction
60
Q
Segment
A
- any part of a body or limb
61
Q
Shear
A
- a force produced as two compressed objects slide past each other in opposite directions
62
Q
Shock absorption
A
- the act of dissipating a force
63
Q
Slide
A
- when a single point on one articular surface contacts multiple points on another articular surface
64
Q
Spin
A
- when a single point on one articular surface rotates on a single point on another articular surface
65
Q
Static linear equilibrium
A
- state of a body at rest in which the sum of all forces is equal to zero
66
Q
Static rotary equilibrium
A
- state of a body at rest in which the sum of all torques is equal to zero
67
Q
Stiffness
A
- ratio of stress to strain within an elastic material
68
Q
Strain
A
- ratio of a tissue’s deformed length to its original length
69
Q
Stress
A
- force generated as a tissue resists deformation, divided by its cross-sectional area
70
Q
Synergists
A
- two or more muscles that cooperate to execute a particular movement
71
Q
Tension
A
- application of one or more forces that pulls apart or separates a material
72
Q
Torque
A
- a force multiplied by its moment arm
73
Q
Torsion
A
- application of a force that twists a material around its longitudinal axis
74
Q
Translation
A
- linear motion in which all parts of a rigid body move parallel to and in the same direction as every other point in the body
75
Q
Vector
A
- quantity that is completely specified by its magnitude and direction
76
Q
Velocity
A
- change in position of a body over time
77
Q
Viscoelasticity
A
- property of a material expressed by a changing stress-strain relationship over time
78
Q
Weight
A
- gravitational force acting on mass
