Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biomechanics & Kinesiology > Biomechanical Aspects Of Sport Shoe And Surface Design > Flashcards

Biomechanical Aspects Of Sport Shoe And Surface Design Flashcards

1
Q

In which plane is rear foot motion monitored?

A

2D frontal plane

From behind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is rear foot motion monitored?

A

Place markers to create segment at top & bottom of calf and top & base of heel to track relative angle between foot and shank
Clarify which leg you’re monitoring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In 2D approach of rear foot monitoring, we look at the relationship between …………. & ………….

A

Inversion & eversion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In 3D approach of rear foot monitoring, we look at the relationship between …………. & ………….

A

Pronation and supination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is excessive eversion classified as?

A

12 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Considerations when classifying max eversion?

A

12 degrees Won’t be true for all athletes
Could have an athlete that everts more then 12 but doesn’t get injured
Could have an athlete that everts less than 12 but still gets injured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe rear foot movement graph

A

Y axis = rear foot angle
X axis = time

anything above 0 is inversion
Below 0 shows movement towards eversion
Maximum eversion is the max rear foot angle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Static assessment definition

A

The use of visual assessments only - running shops use this.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q 
Shoe stability (motion control) definition?
How is it quantified?
A

Ability of shoe to resist excessive (12 deg) or unwanted motion of the foot and ankle,
Quantified by measuring rear foot movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Eversion definition

A

A movement in which the plantar surface of the foot rotates away from mid line of the body (little toe up)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Inversion definition

A

A movement in which the plantar surface of the foot rotates towards the midline of the body (big toe up)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Shoe design characteristics:

Describe heel flare

A

When a lateral or medial border is built on the heel of the shoe to increase shoe stability and therefore reduce rear foot movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Results of increased medial heel flare

Author

A

Reduced magnitude of eversion during stance
= reduced rear foot movement

Clarke et al., 1983 or Nigg & Morlock, 1987

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Result of lateral heel flare

Authors

A

Reduced leverage length
= reduced rear foot movement
(Shortened length of movement arm between axis of rotation and point where force is being applied)

Nigg & Morlock, 1987

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Issue with heel flares

A

Could change the shape and width of parts of the shoe which could minimise some of the cushioning properties that the shoe provides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe medial post of shoe

A

Part of the midsole that’s firmer than rest of midsole

E.g. Plastic moulding - a butterfly effect on base of shoe that prevents rocking action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What determines how much stability the medial post gives a shoe

A

Shape and size of post

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In what type of shoe is a medial post never found in?

A

Cushioned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Disadvantage of shoes with medial post?

A

Adds weight to shoe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which parts of foot does a medial post stabilise and what does this prevent?

A

Midsole, rear foot

Arch pronation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Authors that found that shoes with a high density medial post reduced rear foot movement?

A

Cheung & Ng, 2007

22
Q

Describe orthotic devices

A

In other words - an insole

23
Q

What did Clarke et al., 1983 investigate in relation to orthotic devices?

A

The influence of orthotic devices on rear foot movement

24
Q

Findings of Clarke et al., 1983 (2)

A

Eversion occurs without orthotic device support

With orthotic device, more alignment between shank and heel to reduce angle of eversion and rear foot movement

25
Q

In which circumstances should biomechanics and podiatry be used to assess the effects of orthotics on rear foot movement?

A

Podiatry - static assessments in an unloaded (not standing) position to decide whether insole is needed

Biomechanics - investigate the effects of orthotic device on running, walking or when static

26
Q

Disadvantage of orthotics?

A

To much cushioning adds instability

27
Q

Orthotic devices:

Findings of Mundermann et al., 2003?

A

Orthotic devices reduce peak eversion and eversion velocity which lowers injury risk

28
Q

Orthotic devices:

Findings of Nigg et al., 1998

A

Orthotic devices have no influence on movement - no change in eversion characteristics

29
Q

Orthotic devices:

Findings of Gross et al., 1991

A

Orthotic devices helped 75% of distance runners

25% showed worse symptoms, no change or picked up an injury from the device

30
Q 
Summary or shoe properties:
Medial posting
Medial properties
Heel flare
Orthotic devices
A

Medial posting - some Evidence of increase stability; Cheung & Ng, 2007
Medial properties - high density materials can increase stability; Cheung & Ng, 2007
Heel flare - medial and lateral flare can be influential in reducing rear foot eversion and therefore rear foot movement; Nigg & Morlock, 1987
Orthotic devices - some evidence of increased stability; Gross et al., 1991

31
Q

Describe Surface cushioning

A

The ability of a surface to reduce peak impact forces by providing cushioning athlete during ground contact

32
Q

Typical ground reaction force -time history?

A

Y axis = vertical ground reaction force (1-2BW)
X axis = time (ms)
Initial peak is impact peak, second peak is active peak

33
Q

What is the duration of impact phase for a typical heel toe runner?

A

Approx 50milliseconds

34
Q

What does the steepness of the curve in a ground reaction force - time history show?

A

Rate of loading
When curve is really steep, loading rate is high
When curve is flatter, loading rate is low

35
Q

What information regarding shoe and surface design does a ground reaction force-time history provide?

A

Cushioning

36
Q

What type of force is linked with injury risk?

A

impact force

37
Q

With an increase in shoe cushioning, what is known to be reduced?

A

Loading rates (steepness of curve)

38
Q

What effect does barefoot running have on ground reaction force-time histories.

A

Steeper curve

39
Q

How does barefoot running influence foot strike?

And what does this depend on?

A

See more of a forefoot or mid foot strike

Depending on speed

40
Q

Why is a forefoot or mid strike observed in barefoot running?
Author who found this?

A

Foot is presented flatter to ground to compensate for higher impact at the heel
Dixon et al., 2005

41
Q

How can friction be varied in hard tennis courts?

A

Very amount of sand put into acrylic paint that coats the court. More sand = more friction

42
Q

Influence of temperature on surface design

A

Very high temperatures can make court sticky = more friction

43
Q

How to test surface properties?

A

Use a portable skid resistance tester. (Industry standard)
Depending on resistance of surface, foot will continue to swing upwards after ground contact.
Distance above ground is then measured

44
Q

Regarding player - shoe - surface relationship, when can an inversion injury occur? (2)

A

(1) lack of kinaesthetic awareness and foot placement

(2) when there’s a sudden change in shoe - surface interaction

45
Q

What is the coefficient of friction influenced by?

A

Shoe - surface variation

46
Q

What did Gheluwe & Deporte, 1992 find?

A

That the surface is more influential on stability than the shoe

47
Q

In shoes, what’s the relationship between increased performance and injury risk?
Example

A

Contradictory relationship.
E.g. Football boots.
Early 1900’s - hard leather, lace up above ankle, heavy boots (1kg) with HIGH STABILITY
1954 - ‘Adi’ (Adolf) Dassler made LIGHT (360g), below ankle laced boots
Since then, the game has got faster, more skilful and dynamic.
An attitude swing to boost performance with less emphasis on injury

48
Q

What did Bentley et al., 2010 find in regard to football shoes?

A

Blades lead to higher plantar pressure and injury risk

49
Q

What did Henning, 2006 find in relation to the injury-performance relationship?

A

Injury prevention ranked low on priority list

50
Q

Typical characteristics of shoes highlighted in advertising (5)

A 
Shock absorbing/ cushioning
Motion control
Traction
Weight
Comfort

Biomechanics & Kinesiology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions