Biomarker ID Flashcards
What is a biomarker?
Indicator of normal biological processes, pathological processes, or responses to exposures / interventions.
Are biomarkers to be used as assessments of how individuals feel, function, or survive?
NOOOO
What is a molecular biomarker? Example?
Molecule measured in biological samples…
ie. CA125 - Used as confirmatory diagnosis & an index of how effective treatments against Ovarian Cancer are.
What is a radiographic biomarker? Example?
Characteristic derived from medical images…
ie. RECIST, CT Scan
What is a histological biomarker? Example?
Reflects biochem / molecular changes in cells, tissues, or fluids…
ie. Cancer Staging / Grades
What is a physiological biomarker? Example?
Measurement of body processes…
ie. Blood Pressure
Define GX, G1, G2, G3, G4 cancer grades…
GX - Cannot assess grade
G1 - Well Differentiated
G2 - Mod Differentiation
G3 - Poorly Differentiated
G4 - Undifferentiated
What makes an ideal biomarker?
-Sensitive & Specific
-Stratifies Risk Progression
-Cost Effective
-Personalized Management
-Quantifiable
-Can Correlate to Clinical Outcome
How do susceptibility & prognostic biomarkers differ?
S: Potential for one to develop a disease or med condition.
P: Used in those who already have confirmed diagnosis of a particular disease.
BRCA1/2 mutations are considered to be ________ biomarkers.
susceptibility / risk
GFR is considered to be a _______ biomarker, as it confirms CKD.
diagnostic
HER2 receptor expression is considered to be a ______ biomarker, as it identifies individuals who have HER2+ Breast Cancer.
diagnostic
ECLIA Immunoassays test for two diagnostic biomarkers, _______ & _____, in order to confirm Alzheimer’s Disease from cerebrospinal fluid taps.
Beta Amyloid
Tau
What are monitoring biomarkers used for?
To assess disease status (is it progressing) & treatment response.
Provide examples of monitoring biomarkers.
CA125 (Ovarian Cancer)
PSA (Prostate Cancer)
-Both analyzed via blood tests… Determine if treatments are working or not via reduced biomarker levels!
One downside to prognostic biomarkers?
Does not predict treatment response… Can only be used to identify likelihood of a particular health outcome in those who already have disease.
How does HER2 overexpression influence its biomarker classification across different cancer spectrums?
Breast Cancer: Diagnostic, as overexpression of HER2 receptor confirms HER2+ Breast Cancer.
Endometrial Carcinoma: Transcript overexpression (ERBB2) of that precursor molecule which encodes for HER2 Receptor equates to lower prognostic (ie. Survival Rates / Time) outcome.
TP53 mutations are utilized as Selective Prognostic Biomarkers in what disease state?
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Predictive Biomarkers are used for what?
ID individuals who are more likely to respond to treatment than those w/o the biomarkers.
How can HER2 overexpression be utilized as a Predictive Biomarker in Breast Cancer patients?
Those with HER2+ BC & overexpression will respond to targeted therapies such as Trastuzumab, Pertuzumab, Lapatinib, T-DM1, etc.
How else could the absence of HER2 expression be utilized as a Predictive Biomarker?
If patient is a “Triple Negative” expressor, targeted therapies will not work!
What are the predictive biomarkers we use to assess the appropriateness of targeted therapy usage in those with NSCLCs?
EGFR, ROS1
What other predictive biomarker (aside from BRCA) can be used in assessing targeted therapy utility in those with Breast Cancer?
PIK3CA
BRCA, EGFR, PIK3CA, & ROS1 are examples of ________ & _______ biomarkers.
prognostic; predictive
What are safety biomarkers used for?
Assess likelihood, presence, or extent of toxicity (looked at before & after treatment).
Provide two examples of Nephrotoxic Safety Biomarkers.
SCr, Urine Albumin
What is a pharmacogenomic biomarker?
Shows interindividual genetic differences in PK, PD, efficacy, & safety of drug treatments.
With what drug might we use CYP2D6 as a pharmacogenomic biomarker?
Atomoxetine
What types of drugs are used as treatments for those with BCR-ABL Pharmacogenomic Biomarkers?
“tinib” drugs (ie. Imatinib).
