Biology Topic 8 Non Com diseases+ Topic 9 Cell division

Question 1

Where do digitalis, aspirin and penicillin come from?

Answer 1

Heart drug digitalis comes form foxglove, painkiller aspirin comes form willow, Penicillin comes from penicilleum mould found by Alexander Fleming

Question 2

What do testing and trials have to do to prevent false claims

Answer 2

go through scrutiny from peer review

Question 3

How may diseases interact?

Answer 3

• Defects in immune system mean an individual is more likely to suffer infectious disease
• Viruses living in cells can be a trigger for cancers
• Immune reactions caused by pathogen can trigger allergies such as rashes or asthma
• Severe physical health can lead to depression

Question 4

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

Answer 4

• Mouse lymphocytes stimulated to produce a specific antibody
• The lymphocytes are combined with tumour cells ( that can divide) to form hybridoma cells
• They can divide and make the antibody
• Hybridoma cells are clones to produce many identical cells that all produce specific antibody
• large amount of antibody can be collected and purified

Question 5

How can monoclonal antibodies only target one chemical or cell in the body

Answer 5

They are specific to one binding site on one protein antigen

Question 6

Uses of monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 6

• in pregnancy tests, antibody binds to HCG produced by embryo
  0 In laboratories used to measure levels of hormones or other chemicals in the blood
• in research to locate specific molecules by binding with fluorescent dye
• to treat some diseases, in cancer it can bind to a radioactive substance, toxic drug or chemical which stops cells growing or dividing

Question 7

What is phase one of the cell cycle?

Answer 7

Interphase- Cell increases in size, increases the number of sub-cellular structures and replicates chromosomes

Question 8

What is phase 2 of the cell cycle?

Answer 8

Mitosis- One set of chromsomes is pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides

Question 9

What is stage three of the cell cycle?

Answer 9

Cytokinesis- Cytoplasm and cell membrane divides to form two identical cells

Question 10

What are meristem cells?

Answer 10

Plant stem cells that have the ability to differentiate throughout their whole life

Question 11

Use of meristem cells?

Answer 11

Produces clone of plant quickly and economically, rare species can be stopped from extinction, Crop plants with features such as disease resistance can be clones to produce large number of identical plants for
farmers