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GCSE Science Edexcel 2016 Onwards > Biology - Topic 3 - Genetics > Flashcards

Biology - Topic 3 - Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Which structures are found inside the nucleus?

A

chromosomes

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2
Q

Which substance forms a long strand in each chromosome?

A

DNA

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3
Q

How do body cells make copies of themselves?

A

cell division, mitosis

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4
Q

How many chromosomes are there in a human body cell nucleus?

A

46

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5
Q

What happens in fertilisation?

A

two gametes fuse

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6
Q

What is the name of the cell formed in fertilisation?

A

zygote, fertilised egg cell

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7
Q

Which term means producing more of the same kind of organism?

A

reproduction

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8
Q

What is the name of the human male gamete?

A

sperm cell

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9
Q

The DNA strand in a chromosome contains sections that carry instructions for characteristics. What are these sections called?

A

genes

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10
Q

What would happen to the number of chromosomes in a zygote if two body cells were used in fertilisation?

A

it would have twice the number it should

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11
Q

How many chromosomes does a human gamete

contain?

A

23

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12
Q

Where are genes found?

A

(in sections of DNA) on chromosomes

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13
Q

What does a gene carry the instructions for?

A

making a protein

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14
Q

A protein is made by linking together smaller molecules. What are these smaller molecules called?

A

amino acids

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15
Q

What is any molecule made of repeating units called?

A

a polymer

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16
Q

A human cell contains 46 strands of DNA. Is it diploid or haploid?

A

diploid

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17
Q

Are the cells produced by meiosis haploid or diploid?

A

haploid

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18
Q

Are the cells produced by mitosis haploid or diploid?

A

diploid

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19
Q

What shape is DNA?

A

double helix

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20
Q

What is a chromosome made out of?

A

DNA and proteins (to package the DNA)

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21
Q

What are the letters of the bases that form the DNA code?

A

A, C, T and G

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22
Q

How do the bases pair up in DNA?

A

A with T, C with G

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23
Q

Apart from bases, what other parts are needed in a DNA molecule?

A

phosphate group, sugar

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24
Q

What is one phosphate group, one sugar and one base called?

A

nucleotide

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25
Q

How is the active site of an enzyme formed?

A

by folding of protein/polypeptide/amino acid chains

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26
Q

What molecule is produced in transcription?

A

mRNA or messenger RNA

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27
Q

What base does mRNA contain that DNA does not?

A

uracil

28
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that allows

transcription to occur?

A

RNA polymerase

29
Q

The mRNA nucleotides fit together with the nucleotides on the DNA template strand. What word describes bases that fit together?

A

complementary

30
Q

Where does transcription occur in a cell?

A

nucleus

31
Q

Where does translation occur in a cell?

A

cytoplasm

32
Q

What has to bind to an mRNA molecule for translation to occur?

A

ribosome

33
Q

What does translation produce?

A

a polypeptide / protein

34
Q

What molecule carries amino acids to the mRNA in the ribosome?

A

tRNA

35
Q

What has to happen to the polypeptide for an enzyme in order for it to become a functional enzyme?

A

It has to fold.

36
Q

How many bases does a codon contain?

A

three

37
Q

What does each codon contain the code for?

A

the addition of a particular amino acid to the polypeptide chain

38
Q

What is the name of the process in which the genetic code is used to make a polypeptide?

A

translation

39
Q

A change in the bases of a gene creates a genetic variant. What is this sort of change called?

A

mutation

40
Q

Why might a mutation in a codon not cause a change in the polypeptide produced?

A

It does not affect the amino acid that is coded for.

41
Q

Why can a difference of a single amino acid change how a protein functions?

A

It can interfere with the way the polypeptide chain(s) fold(s).

42
Q

Why might a mutation in the non-coding region before a gene cause an increase in the production of a certain protein?

A

The mutation causes RNA polymerase to bind better.

43
Q

What is an organism’s phenotype?

A

its observable characteristics

44
Q

What are different versions of the same gene

called?

A

alleles

45
Q

What sort of variation do alleles cause in organisms?

A

genetic variation

46
Q

When we consider one gene, what word is used to say that both alleles are the same?

A

homozygous

47
Q

If a dominant allele has the letter A, how would you show that an organism is heterozygous?

A

Aa

48
Q

What word describes the alleles of a gene found in an organism?

A

genotype

49
Q

What word describes an allele that only has an effect if an organism has two copies?

A

recessive

50
Q

A genotype is written QQ. What does this tell you?

A

It is homozygous for the dominant allele.

51
Q

What is monohybrid inheritance?

A

inheritance of alleles of one gene

52
Q

How can we show the possible inheritance of alleles by offspring from their parents?

A

genetic diagram, Punnett square

53
Q

Which type of diagram is used to show the inheritance of a characteristic through different generations in a family?

A

family pedigree

54
Q

If the genotype for one gene of a rabbit is Bb, where B is the allele for brown coat and b the allele for black coat, what is the rabbit’s phenotype?

A

brown

55
Q

What are the possible allele combinations of offspring from heterozygous parents who are both Aa for a gene?

A

AA, Aa and aa

56
Q

A human egg cell that contains an X sex chromosome is fertilised by a sperm cell containing a Y sex chromosome. What will be the sex of the baby that develops?

A

male

57
Q

What is the theoretical probability of a couple having a baby boy?

A

50% or 0.5

58
Q

What letters are used to describe the different human blood groups?

A

A, B, O

59
Q

Name the four bases in DNA.

A

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

60
Q

Why can DNA be matched to the person it came from?

A

Everybody has a slightly different orders of bases in their DNA.

61
Q

Is human eye colour coded for by one gene or many genes?

A

many

62
Q

One gene codes for the cell membrane protein CFTR. There are many alleles for the CFTR gene. How many alleles do you have for the CFTR gene in one of your body cells?

A

two

63
Q

A mutation of the CFTR gene can lead to the disorder cystic fibrosis. What is a mutation?

A

a change in the order of bases that form the gene

64
Q

Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disorder. What does that mean?

A

It is passed from parent to offspring in the genes in a gamete.

65
Q

What research, finished in 2003, was the first effort to map a complete human genome?

A

Human Genome Project

66
Q

How could a map of a person’s genome help identify diseases they might develop?

A

Some alleles show an increased risk for the person of developing a genetic disorder.

67
Q

How could a map of a person’s genome identify which medicines they should be given?

A

Some alleles affect how well medicines work in the body, including problems they can cause.

GCSE Science Edexcel 2016 Onwards (11 decks)

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