Biology - Topic 2 - Cells and Control Flashcards
What type of cell division forms two identical daughter cells?
Mitosis
In which stage of the cell cycle are the chromosomes duplicated?
Interphase
In which stage of the cell cycle, at the end of mitosis, does the one cell divide into two?
Cytokinesis
What term describes a cell that has two sets of chromosomes?
Diploid
Define the term ‘growth’.
An increase in cell number and size
How are roots adapted to absorbing water and mineral salts from the ground?
Root hair cells have long extensions into the soil that increase the surface area for absorption.
Where are plant meristems found?
Tips of plant shoots and roots (also just inside bark of trees)
What happens in a plant meristem?
Cells divide rapidly by mitosis as the plant grows.
What type of cell is found in meristems?
unspecialised/stem cells
What happens during cell differentiation?
Cells develop special features that help them carry out a particular function.
Why is cell differentiation important to plants and animals?
Specialised cells are more effective at carrying out different functions in the body.
A root hair cell is a specialised cell. What is its function?
To absorb water and dissolved mineral salts from the soil
How is a root hair cell specialised to carry out its function?
It has a long extension into the soil that increases the surface area for absorption.
What is the function of a xylem vessel?
To carry water and mineral salts through the plant
Explain how one specialisation of a xylem vessel helps it carry out its function.
any one from: thickened wall to prevent collapse of tube/withstand pressure of water; no cell cytoplasm and lost cell walls to form long tubes through which water flows up the plant; small holes in thick cell wall so water can pass into and out of the vessel from surrounding cells
Name one feature, other than mass, that could be measured to show growth in a plant.
any suitable measure that will show change over time, such as: height, tree girth, leaf area, number of leaves
What type of cell has the ability to differentiate into specialised cells?
Stem cells
In what organ system would you find nerve
cells?
The nervous system
Are nerve cells diploid or haploid?
Diploid
What part of a nerve cell contains
chromosomes?
Nucleus
Nerve cells require a lot of energy. What cell structure would you expect them to have a lot of?
Mitochondria
What is a nerve cell specialised to do?
Carry electrical signals/impulses
List your senses.
Touch, hearing, sight, taste, smell, balance,
temperature and plenty of others
State the name of one organ in the nervous system.
Brain, spinal cord or nerves or a named sense organ eg. eyes or skin
What type of cells is the brain mainly made up of?
Neurones, nerve cells
What part of the brain controls our senses and emotions?
Cerebral cortex
State one thing that the cerebellum controls.
Balance, posture or fine motor movements
Where is the medulla oblongata in relation to the spinal cord?
At the top of the spinal cord
Which part of the brain controls the rate of the heart?
medulla oblongata
What part of the brain stores our memories?
cerebral cortex
Apart from bundles of neurones, what else does a nerve contain?
Blood vessels
What name is given to an electrical signal
transmitted by a neurone?
Impulse
Which part of the brain controls the rate of
breathing?
Medulla oblongata
Which cerebral hemisphere receives information from the right eye?
Left
What type of cells detect stimuli?
Receptor cells
In which sense organ would you find receptor cells that detect light waves?
Eye
List, in order, the organs that an impulse goes through from the hand to the brain.
nerve(s), spinal cord
What are the two long ‘arms’ of a sensory
neurone called?
Dendron and axon
List, in order, the parts of a sensory neurone that an impulse goes through.
dendrite, dendron, axon, axon terminal
Why are sensory neurones so long?
to carry impulses quickly over long distances
What is the name of the fatty sheath that
surrounds dendrons and axons?
Myelin sheath
What does the myelin sheath do?
speeds up transmission of impulses, insulates neurones from each other
Where in the eye are receptor cells for light
found?
Retina
An effector is part of the body that carried out a response due to a stimulus. Suggest the name of one effector.
muscle or gland
