Biology Test 2 Flashcards
produce seeds and fruits for the plant
flower
formed on an enlarged end of a special stem
pedicel
holds developing seeds
receptacle
which are usually green in color, are the leaf-like structures attached to the edge of the receptacle
sepals
most conspicuous part of a flower
petal
organs that produce the pollen
stemans
contains the reproductive cell
pollen
male reproductive cell
sperm cell
female reproductive cell
egg cell
vase shaped structured of a flower; central part of a flower
pistil
has petals, sepals, stamens, and pistils
complete flower
lacks one of the four basic parts of a flower
incomplete flower
any plant on which both staminate and pistillate flowers are produced in the same plant
monoecious
produce staminate and pistillate flowers by different plants
dioecious
most plants bear flowers in clusters
inflorescences
the chief factor controlling flowering in most plants
daylight and night
when the ovary is fully ripened
fruit
the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a pistil
pollination
seed bearing structures of plants
fruit
when pollination happens in the same flower
self-pollination
when pollination happens with another flower
cross-pollination
a sweet tasting liquid produces by the flower
nectar
have a red-and-white mottled coloring that gives them the appearance of raw meat
carrion flowers
When this pollen is inhaled, it causes an allergic reaction in some people that is called
hay fever
the most important type of pollen that triggers hay fever
ragweed
The symptoms of hay fever are triggered when pollen within the respiratory system causes the release of a chemical messenger
histamines
Ovules begin developing into seeds only after a sperm cell brought by a pollen grain fuses with the egg cell within the ovule through what process
fertilization
the name for reproductive cells
gametes
reproduction in which the sperm cell and the egg cell unite
sexual reproduction
where does the pollen grain begin to form
pollen tube
One of the sperm cells unites with the egg cell, forming what?
embryo
a nutritional tissue that surrounds the fertilized egg and provides nourishment to the growing embryo
endosperm
which two sperm cells are required for reproduction, is unique to angiosperms
double fertilization
what is usually triggered by pollination and fertilization
formation of fruit
growing larger and developing fruit
ripening
they form from one flower that has only one pistil
simple fruits
form from one flower that has several pistils
aggregate fruits
form from several flowers
multiple fruits
fruits in which the entire ovary is fleshy
and juicy throughout
berries
have an outer fleshy layer and an inner woody layer, called the stone, that surrounds the seed
drupes
fruits with an outer fleshy layer and
an inner papery core
pomes
fruits that consist of a
pod enclosing several seeds
legumes
consist of fleshy layers of ovary small dry seeds with one or more wing-like structures attached to them
samaras
Simple dry fruits consisting of a seed enclosed in a hard covering, or shell
nuts
fruits consisting of a seed and a shell; thin shell
achenes
fruit of the grass family
grains
include berries, drupes, and pomes
simple fleshy fruits
include legumes, samaras, nuts, grains, and achenes
simple dry fruits
form from one flower that has several pistils
aggregate fruits
form from several flowers
Examples are the fig and the pineapple
multiple fruits
means to be able to germinate
viable
an outside agent carries the seeds
agent dispersal
the plant itself dispersal its own seeds alone
mechanical dispersal
the result of the flower and fruit formation
seeds
three main parts of a seed
- embryo plant
- endosperm
- seed coat
provides nutrition for the seed
endosperm
provides a protective covering for the seed
seed coat
a tiny shoot for the plant that will form into the stem and leaves
plumule
develops into the the root system
radicle
the sprouting of a seed
germination
a period of inactivity
dormancy
taught at Tuskegee Institute and founds several ways that improved life with peanuts ect.
George Washington Carver
the principal parts of a flower
leaves, flowers, and stems
parts of the stem that grow in length or to develop new stems, flowers, or leaves
buds
protect the bud in winter from frost injury and from drying out
bud scale
rings that circle the stem; indicate where last year’s growth started
bud-scale scar
areas where leaves are growing or have grown
nodes
indicate the passage points of vascular tissue from the stem to the petiole of the leaf
bundle scars
openings in the bark that allow air to enter the stem
lenticels
Stems grow in length at the tips of their branches
primary growth
a woody dicot has three areas
bark, wood, and pith
If you have a freshly cut, growing woody stem, you can easily peel the bark off. Underneath the bark, the stem is hard and white.
xylem
outside section of a woody stem
bark
innermost layer of the bark
phloem
lie between the bark and the wood
vascular cambium
The strong, resilient inner section of a woody stem
wood
simple system of water-conducting cells
tracheids
composed of relatively short, wide, often barrel-shaped cells joined end to end like concrete pipes
vessels
the center of the woody stem in a young plant
pith
older inner wood; useful only as support for the stem
heartwood
younger, functioning xylem tissue; usually lighter in color than the heartwood
sapwood
New wood is formed by the vascular cambium layer in the same manner that new phloem is produced. As can be expected, the production of new wood leads to an increase in the thickness of the tree trunk; this growth in width
secondary growth
Periods of faster and slower growth result in distinct layers of xylem
annual growth rings
the tissue in which the vascular bundles are embedded
cortex
outer covering of a monocot stem
rind
When a new plant starts to grow from a stem, leaf, or root
vegetative reproduction
no union of gametes
asexual reproduction
When a person uses vegetative reproductive
methods to start a new plant from a root, stem, or leaf, the process
vegetative propagation
is a piece of a stem or root
that can grow into a new plant
cutting
fastening a container of soil around the nodes of a stem to induce the stem to develop roots
layering
process of transplanting living tissue from one plant to another
grafting
kind of grafting in which the scion is a bud
budding
which is to be grafted onto a stem growing on another tree
scion
tree that receives the new stem
stock
allows seedlings to be produced from individual plant cells grown in the laboratory
tissue culturing
made up of a special stem and leaves designed to store food
bulb
plants have swollen stems
corms
Thick stems that grow horizontally under
the ground providing food storage and a means of vegetative reproduction
rhizomes
grow quickly along the surface of the ground
stolon
provide the plant with food storage and a means of reproduction, while man benefits from their good nutrition
tuber
sharp special stems
thorns
which are commonly found in dicots, penetrate the soil with relatively little branching
taproots
have no main section but spread out with very thin roots, forming a tangled mass in shallow soil
fibrous roots
Some of the epidermal cells develop into long, finger-like projections
root hairs
root’s food-storage region
root cortex
contains xylem tissues, which carry water to the stem, and phloem tissues, which carry food back to the root
central vascular cylinder
At the tip of the root, providing a covering, is the
cone-shaped
root cap
process of mixing molecules of one substance through another by random molecular motion
diffusion
diffusion through a semipermeable membrane
osmosis
After root hairs absorb water by osmosis, the water and absorbed minerals must flow up through the xylem tubes; this upward flow
sap stream
