Biology Chapter 10 Flashcards
the heart, the blood vessels, and the blood make up what system?
cardiovascular system
thick fluid containing many solid particles in the cardiovascular system
blood
About 55% of the total blood volume is a liquid called what?
plasma
the straw-colored liquid part of the blood, is about 90% water and contains various dissolved substances, including digested food molecules in the form of glucose, fats, and amino acids; waste molecules; hormones; and many kinds of blood proteins
plasma
The three basic categories of blood proteins are?
albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen
the body’s blood pressure may fall to a critical low, causing a condition known as what?
circulatory shock
what blood cell carries oxygen?
red blood cells
a special iron-containing blood protein that binds easily to oxygen and gives blood its characteristic red color
hemoglobin
is a disorder resulting from too little oxygen being transported to body cells?
Anemia
where are red blood cells and other blood cells produced in the what?
red blood marrow
surplus red blood cells are stored in the what?
spleen
what blood cell functions as part of the immune system, helping the body to fight disease-causing organisms
white blood cells
a form of cancer in which white blood cells are produced in uncontrolled numbers.
leukemia
tiny disk-shaped cell fragments produced in the bone marrow to serve as patch kits
platelets
When blood starts to escape
from a cut, millions of platelets attach themselves to the rough edges of the wound, forming a platelet plug. In small or lightly injured blood vessels, the platelet plug may stop the bleeding entirely
clotting
If the blood clot is on the surface of the skin, what forms?
scab
results in the partial or complete inability to form blood clots.
hemophilia
act as identification tags
antigens
includes two antigens, named A and B
ABO blood group
contains many antigens
Rh blood group
the 17th-century English-man who was the first to describe the circulation of blood accurately
William Harvey
the world’s most efficient pump
the heart
The heart is encased within a tough white sac, and helps support and protect the heart is called what?
pericardium
the heart’s main features
are its four hollow spaces
chambers
pumping mechanism of the heart consists of two thin-walled upper chambers
atria
two thick-walled lower chambers,
ventricle
divides the left and right sides of the heart
septum
contains the muscles of the heart; most important layer of the heart
myocardium
Lining the interior of the heart’s chambers
endocardium
The outside of the heart is coated with a layer of slippery tissue, and allows the heart to move easily within the pericardial sac as it beats
epicardium
Blood is prevented from flowing in the wrong direction by what?
valves
Two of these valves the tricuspid valve and the bicuspid valve are called what?
A-V Valves
connects the right atrium and right ventricle
tricuspid valve
connects the left atrium and left ventricle
bicuspid valve
carry blood (to the lungs) to absorb oxygen
pulmonary arteries
the body’s largest veins
venae cavae
returns blood from the lower part of the body
inferior vena cava
carry blood (from the lungs) back to the heart
pulmonary veins
body’s largest artery
aorta
branch from the base of the aorta
coronary arteries
collect the blood from the tissues of the heart and carry it to a larger vein called the coronary sinus,
cardiac veins
similar in many ways to skeletal muscle.
cardiac muscles
beating of the heart
is regulated by a system of special heart cells known as what?
cardiac conduction system
master control unit of the heart
sinoatrial node
An electrical barrier between the atria and ventricles prevents the signal from reaching the ventricles before they are filled; the only electrical pathway to the ventricles is a “bridge”.
atrioventricular node
a doctor specializing in the heart and its disorders
cardiologist
detects the tiny electrical currents in the heart
electrocardiogram
The contracting and pumping phase of heart action is called what?
systole
while the relaxing and filling phase is known as what?
diastole
The cardiac cycle is perceived as a what?
heartbeat
An abnormal rushing or blowing sound produced by valve damage
heart murmur
type of heart failure caused by a blockage of blood flow to the heart muscles
heart attack
occurs when the heart stops beating and instead twitches randomly; can be caused by damage to the heart’s electrical system
ventricular fibrillation
which applies a brief electrical shock to the heart to jolt its electrical system back to normal
defibrillator
are thick-walled blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart
arteries
returning to the heart
veins
microscopic structures;
the smallest are so tiny that red blood cells must “squeeze” through them, traveling in single file
capillaries
blockage of the arteries caused by a slowly developing disease
atherosclerosis,
The movement of the blood through all parts of the body except the lungs
systemic circulation
movement of blood to liver
portal circulation
movement of blood through the kidney
renal circulation
The force that blood exerts upon the walls of the blood vessels is known as what?
blood pressure
most common causes of liver failure are viral hepatitis and alcohol abuse
viral hepatitis
the buildup of fatty deposits
and fibrous tissue in the liver
cirrhosis
suffering from high blood pressure, known medically as what?
hypertension
rhythmic pressure change in the heart
pulse
some of the easiest places to feel your pulse
carotid artery
supplies the body with oxygen and rids it of excess carbon dioxide
respiratory system
large, spongy organs located inside the thoracic cavity on opposite sides of your heart
lungs
The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling air, and gas exchange
external respiration
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood cells and the tissue cells
internal respiration
air is warmed, moistened, and filtered as it passes through what?
nasal cavity
the voice box
larynx
the wind pipe
trachea
lap of tissue that covers the opening of the trachea
epiglottis
trachea divides into two branches known as what?
bronchi
smallest bronchioles end in small sac-like structures called what?
alveoli
lining of the bronchial tubes can be irritated by infection or by smoking; the inflammation of this lining
bronchitis
a bacterial or viral infection of the linings in the lungs that causes the lungs to secrete large quantities of fluid
pneumonia
an allergic condition characterized by spasms of the bronchial tube muscles; the tubes suddenly constrict, making breathing difficult.
bronchial asthma
A double membrane that lines the inside of the rib cage
pleura
The thoracic cavity is an airtight chamber,but it has a movable floor. Which is a thick sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity is called what?
diaphragm
Air rushes into the lungs to equalize the pressure; this process is called what?
inhalation
Air rushes from the lungs to equalize the pressure; this process is called what?
exhalation
breathing is controlled by what portion of the brain
medulla oblongata
The maximum volume you can inhale and exhale
vital capacity
This normal amount of air in the lungs
tidal volume
The most common respiratory disease
common cold
caused by viruses that infect the respiratory system, causing fever, aching muscles, headache, and chest pain
influenza (flu)
using flu is ok it’s in the book :)
caused by a slow-growing bacterium that infects the lungs
tuberculosis
progressive deterioration of the alveoli caused by malfunctioning enzymes
Emphysema
one of the most common
hereditary diseases in the United States
Cystic fibrosis (CV)
most devastating respiratory disease
lung cancer
