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Biology Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

Is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by reducing the amount of energy needed to start that reaction.

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2
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

An organic catalyst, it is a protein.

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3
Q

What is the active site and what is its job?

A

The active site is a specially shaped area of the enzyme that fits around the substrate, the active site is the same as the keyhole of the lock.

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4
Q

What is a substrate?

A

Is the biological molecule that the enzyme will work on.

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5
Q

What is a substrate?

A

Is the biological molecule that the enzyme will work on.

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6
Q

What is the product?

A

When enzyme lets go, it returns the o normal, ready to do another reaction, the substrate is no longer called substrate it’s called product the products.

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7
Q

Explain how an enzyme works?

A

Enzymes complete very specific tasks, they are very specific locks and the compounds they work with are specific keys.

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8
Q

What is denaturing and what causes it to occur?

A

a process that breaks down the structure of proteins or nucleic acids, causing them to lose their folded structure. This can happen when proteins are exposed to external factors, like Heat and acids.

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9
Q

What are four things that affect how enzymes work ?

A

temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, and the presence of any inhibitors or activators

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10
Q

How can a lock and key explain an enzyme?

A

Enzymes work just like a key. They complete very specific tasks and nothing else.

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11
Q

Enzymes act only on very specific substrates because

A

they have an active site with specific requirements for the substrate that binds to it.

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12
Q

Enzymes are proteins that

A

Speed up chemical reactions very and are important for chemical reactions to occur.

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13
Q

Chemical reactions happen by

A

breaking and forming bonds that require energy (including hydrolysis and dehydration reactions).

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14
Q

Activation energy is

A

The amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction.

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15
Q

Enzymes are catalyst meaning they

A

Speed up reactions by reducing, the activation energy required to start the reaction. During this process enzymes are not changed.

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16
Q

Enzyme steps

A
  1. The substrate (reactants) binds to the enzymes active site.
  2. Reaction happens making or breaking bonds.
  3. The product is released from the enzyme is not changed and can be used again.
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17
Q

Substrate bind to

A

an active site.

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18
Q

Enzyme facilitates

A

Reaction.

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19
Q

Enzyme releases

A

Product.

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20
Q

Enzymes lower to the

A

Activation energy required for a reaction. This is like a hill you must climb before you can doll down.

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21
Q

Enzymes are very specific like a key to a lock.

A

Enzyme shape is an essential to its function.

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22
Q

When an enzyme loses its shape it is

A

No longer able to do its job.

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23
Q

Enzymes temperature will increase the

A

Rate of a reaction until the temperature is too high and denatures the enzyme.

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24
Q

PH that is too high or too low will

A

Cause an enzyme to denature.

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25
Inhibitors
Inhibitors can bind to an enzyme and prevent the substrate from properly binding.
26
Enzymes are the biological substance (proteins) that
Act as a catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by reducing the amount of energy needed to start that reaction. This is called lowering the activation energy.
27
Activation energy can be thought of as a hill that must be gotten over. When a catalyst acts, it
Lowers the energy required to get over the hill and the reaction can proceed. An enzyme is an organic catalyst meaning that it is a protein that catalyzes reactions in living organisms.
28
Most reactions in the body
Requires enzymes.
29
Enzymes complete very specific
Job’s and do nothing else.
30
1) An enzyme and a SUBSTRATE are
in the same area.
31
The substrate is the
biological molecule that the enzyme will work on.
32
(2)The enzyme grabs onto
the substrate with a special area called the ACTIVE SITE.
33
The active site is a
specially shaped area of the enzyme that fits around the substrate. The active site is the keyhole of the lock.
34
Catalysis is when the
substrate is changed. It could be broken down or combined with another molecule to make something new.
35
When the enzyme lets go, it
returns to normal, ready to do another reaction. The substrate is no longer the same. The substrate is now called the PRODUCT or products.
36
Enzymes sometimes need to be controlled when
done with their function. Other times they are controlled because of poisons.
37
DENATURING occurs when the control changes
the enzymes shape.
38
Proteins change shape (denature) as temperatures
change. Because so much of an enzyme's activity is based on its shape, temperature changes can mess up the process and the enzyme won't work.
39
Sometimes you need an enzyme to work faster and your body creates
an activator.
40
Activators make enzymes work
harder and faster. Activators can help the enzyme bind to the substrate
41
In the same way that temperature can change the shape of proteins, the pH of the environment
does the same thing. The proteins denature if too acid or too basic
42
Inhibitors
either slow down or stop the activity of an enzyme.
43
Why do we need enzymes?
Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions to sustain life by making reactions occur more quickly.
44
What are substrates in relation to enzymes?
Substrates are the specific molecules that bind to an enzyme’s active site, enabling the enzyme to facilitate a chemical reaction.
45
What does the enzyme catalase do?
Catalase decomposes hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) into water and oxygen gas, reducing toxicity in cells.
46
Why is maintaining stable temperature and pH important for enzyme function?
Enzymes have an optimal temperature and pH range. Deviations can alter their structure, causing denaturation and loss of function.
47
How can we determine if catalase is active?
Catalase activity is observed through the rapid production of oxygen gas bubbles when hydrogen peroxide is added.
48
What is the next step in the CER process after conducting research or experimentation?
State a claim.
49
How should a claim be stated?
A claim is a one-sentence statement that answers the question and describes the relationship between variables, without starting with "yes" or "no."
50
What is evidence in the CER process?
Evidence consists of data that supports the claim, such as observations, graphs, or tables, and should be sufficient and multiple.
51
What is the role of reasoning in the CER process?
Reasoning justifies why the evidence supports the claim by including relevant scientific principles.
52
Example of a claim:
Water in space will boil and then freeze.
53
Example of evidence:
As seen in the video, water began to boil when placed in a vacuum and froze shortly thereafter.
54
Example of reasoning:
Water boils in a vacuum due to decreased pressure, then freezes as the heat is lost during the phase change from liquid to gas.
55
What are atoms?
Atoms are the basic particles that make up all matter, both abiotic and biotic.
56
What is a molecule?
A molecule is a structure formed when two or more atoms join together.
57
What are macromolecules or polymers?
Large molecules made of repeating smaller units called monomers.
58
What are the four types of bio-molecules?
Carbohydrates 2. Lipids (fats) 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids
59
What does "organic" mean in chemistry?
"Organic" refers to molecules that contain carbon atoms.
60
What is dehydration synthesis?
The process of creating larger molecules from smaller ones with water released as a byproduct.
61
What is hydrolysis?
The process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones by adding water.
62
What are the characteristics of carbon skeletons in organic molecules?
They vary in length, may have double bonds, can be unbranched or branched, and may be arranged in rings.
63
What is an acid?
A substance that donates hydrogen ions (H⁺) in a solution, making it more acidic.
64
What is activation energy?
The minimum energy needed to start a chemical reaction.
65
What is the active site?
The part of an enzyme where the reaction takes place.
66
What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
A molecule that provides energy for many cellular processes.
67
What are amino acids?
The building blocks of proteins.
68
What is a base?
A substance that accepts hydrogen ions (H⁺) in a solution, making it more basic or alkaline.
69
What are carbohydrates?
Organic compounds like sugars and starches that provide energy to cells.
70
What is carbon?
A chemical element essential for all life forms, forming the backbone of organic molecules.
71
What is a catalyst?
A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed.
72
What is cellulose?
A carbohydrate that makes up the cell walls of plants, giving them structure.
73
What is cholesterol?
A type of lipid found in cell membranes that helps maintain fluidity.
74
What is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?
The molecule that carries genetic information in cells.
75
What is a disaccharide?
A carbohydrate composed of two simple sugars linked together.
76
What is an enzyme?
A protein that acts as a biological catalyst to speed up chemical reactions.
77
What is a lipid?
A type of organic molecule including fats, oils, and cholesterol, used for energy storage and cell structure.
77
What is a hormone?
A chemical messenger that regulates various functions in the body.
78
What does hydrophobic mean?
Tending to repel or fail to mix with water.
79
What is a macromolecule?
A large molecule made up of smaller units, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates.
80
What are monosaccharides?
The simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar molecules like glucose.
81
What is a nitrogenous base?
Part of a nucleotide in DNA or RNA, including adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, or uracil.
82
What are nucleic acids?
Large molecules like DNA and RNA that store and transfer genetic information.
83
What is a nucleotide?
The basic building block of nucleic acids, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
84
What is an organic molecule?
A molecule containing carbon that is found in living organisms.
85
What is a polymer?
A large molecule made up of repeating units called monomers.
85
What is a phospholipid?
A type of lipid that makes up cell membranes, with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
86
What are products?
The substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction.
87
What is a protein?
A molecule made up of amino acids that performs various functions in the body, including catalyzing reactions and supporting structure.
88
What are reactants?
The starting substances in a chemical reaction that undergo change.
89
What is a reaction?
A process in which substances change to form new substances.
90
What is ribonucleic acid (RNA)?
A molecule involved in protein synthesis and gene expression.
91
What is a steroid?
A type of lipid with a characteristic ring structure, including hormones like testosterone and cholesterol.
91
What is a solute?
The substance that is dissolved in a solution.
92
What is a solvent?
The substance that dissolves the solute to form a solution.
93
What is a substrate?
The substance upon which an enzyme acts.
94
What is an unsaturated fat?
A type of fat with one or more double bonds in its fatty acid chains, typically found in plant oils.
95
What are waxes?
A type of lipid with long fatty acid chains, used for protection and waterproofing in plants and animals.
96
What are hydrolysis and dehydration reactions?
Hydrolysis breaks bonds with water, while dehydration forms bonds by removing water. Both are facilitated by enzymes.
97
What is denaturation?
Denaturation is when environmental conditions cause an enzyme to lose its shape, leading to a loss of function.
98
What is the enzyme-substrate complex?
The intermediate state where the enzyme binds with the substrate to catalyze a reaction.

Biology (6 decks)

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