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Biology > Biology: Semester Vocab > Flashcards

Biology: Semester Vocab Flashcards

TO PASS MY BIOLOGY SEMESTER!!!!!!

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Carry out the process of replication

A

protein

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2
Q

Bond nucleotides together to form a double helix and find and correct errors

A

DNA polymerase

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3
Q

Converts a gene into a single-stranded RNA molecule

A

transcription

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4
Q

Carries DNA’s instructions and is a link between DNA and protein

A

RNA

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5
Q

Converts an mRNA message into a polypeptide, or protein

A

Translation

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6
Q

A sequence of three nucleotides that codes for a amino acid

A

codon

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7
Q

A DNA segment that allows a gene to be transcribed

A

promotor

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8
Q

A part of DNA that turns a gene “on” or “off”

A

operator

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9
Q

First examples of gene regulation to be discovered and has three genes that code for enzymes that break down lactose

A

lac operon

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10
Q

Mutation that substitutes one nucleotide for another

A

point mutation

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11
Q

Mutation that inserts or deletes a nucleotide in the DNA sequence

A

frame shift mutation

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12
Q

The science of naming and classifying orgnaisms

A

taxonomy

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13
Q

A two part scientific naming system

A

binomial nomenclature

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14
Q

American microbiologist who was the first to establish that archaea diverged from common ancestor they share with bacteria almost 4 billion years ago

A

Carl Woese

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15
Q

(—–) are not always the result of close relationships

A

Physical similarities

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16
Q

(—–) more accurately show evolutionary relationships

A

Genetic similarities

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17
Q

Classification based on common ancestry

A

cladistics

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18
Q

The evolutionary history for a group o species

A

phylogeny

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19
Q

A common method to make evolutionary trees

A

cladistics

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20
Q

An evolutionary tree that shares a common ancestor

A

cladogram

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21
Q

A group of species that shares a common ancestor

A

clade

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22
Q

Traits shared in different degrees by clade members

A

derived charactistics

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23
Q

May confirm classification based on physical similarities

A

molecular data

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24
Q

Use mutations to estimate evolutionary time

A

molecular clocks

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25
Q

Scientists estimate mutation rates by linking (—–) and (—–)

A

molecular data and real time

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26
Q

One of the largest groups on earth and is classified by shape, need for oxygen and diseases caused

A

domain bacteria

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27
Q

Have cell walls chemically different from bacteria and are known for living in extreme conditions

A

domain archaea

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28
Q

Any disease causing agent

A

pathogen

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29
Q

Made of DNA or RNA and a protein coat

A

virus

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30
Q

Made only of single stranded RNA, causes diseases in plants, and passes through seeds or pollen

A

viroid

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31
Q

Made only of proteins, causes misfolding of other proteins, and results in diseases of the brain

A

prion

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32
Q

Infection that causes the host cell to burst

A

lytic infection

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33
Q

Infection that does no immediate harm

A

lysogenic infection

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34
Q

Made from weakened pathogens, stimulates the body’s own response, prepare the immune system for a future attack and are the only way to control the spread of viral disease

A

vaccine

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35
Q

Are poisoned by oxygen

A

obligate anarobes

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36
Q

Need oxygen

A

obligate aerobes

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37
Q

Can live with or without oxygen

A

facilitative aerobes

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38
Q

The amount of (—–) can differ between bacteria

A

peptidoglycon

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39
Q

Prokaryotes exchange genes during (—–)

A

conjugation

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40
Q

Bacteria may survive by forming (—–)

A

endospores

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41
Q

Allow plants to retain moisture

A

cuticle

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42
Q

Tiny holes in the cuticle

A

stomata

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43
Q

Allows plants to grow upright

A

lignin

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44
Q

Protects embryos from drying, wind and sun light

A

seed coat

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45
Q

An interaction in which two species benefit

A

mutualism

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46
Q

Two adaptations that prevent animals from eating plants

A

spines and thorns

defense chemicals

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47
Q

Grow close to the ground to absorb water and nutrients

A

nonvascular plants

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48
Q

Most common seedless nonvascular plants from the phylum Bryophyta

A

mosses

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49
Q

Not true mosses and belong to the phylum Lycophyta

A

club mosses

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50
Q

Occurs when pollen meets the female plant parts

A

pollination

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51
Q

Do not have seeds enclosed in fruit and are mostly cone-bearing and evergreen

A

gymmpsperms

52
Q

Most common gymnosperms alive today and include pines, spruce, cedar, fir, and juniper

A

conifer

53
Q

Gymnosperms in the phylum Coniferophyta

A

conifer

54
Q

Flowering plants who belong to the phylum Anthophyta

A

angiosperm

55
Q

An embryonic seed coat

A

cotyledon

56
Q

Study of plants

A

botany

57
Q

Explores who people in different cultures use plants

A

ethnobotany

58
Q

The study of drugs and their effects on the body

A

pharmacology

59
Q

(—–) from willow trees is used in asprin

A

salincin

60
Q

Potent plant chemicals that contain nitrogen

A

alkaloids

61
Q

Animals cells are supported by (—–)

A

collagen

62
Q

Determine the position of cell differentation

A

Hox genes

63
Q

Control early development

A

homeotetic genes

64
Q

Have an internal segemented backbone

A

vertebrates

65
Q

Don’t have a backbone

A

invertebrates

66
Q

From mouth first, anus second

A

protostome

67
Q

First from anus and then the mouth

A

deuterostome

68
Q

Have specialized cells but no tissue and are the mos primitive animals on earth

A

sponge

69
Q

The oldest existing animals that have specialized tissues

A

cnidarian

70
Q

Cnidarians are made up of two layers separated by a (—–)

A

mesoglea

71
Q

Are simple bilateral animals who have a solid body and incomplete or absent gut

A

flatworm

72
Q

Are diverse animals that have a complete digestive tract and one of three features: radula, mantle, ctendia.

A

mollusk

73
Q

Have segmented bodies

A

annelids

74
Q

Refers to repeated sections of an annelids body

A

segmentation

75
Q

A fluid-filled space completely surrounded by muscle

A

coelom

76
Q

Have bilateral symmetry and shed their outer skeleton to grow

A

roundworm

77
Q

The most diverse of all animals

A

arthropods

78
Q

Extinct bottom feeders

A

trilobytes

79
Q

Live in ocean, freshwater streams, and on land

A

crustaceans

80
Q

Specialized daggerlike mouthparts

A

chelicerates

81
Q

Most live on land and have 6 legs

A

insects

82
Q

Long bodies and many pairs of legs

A

myrapods

83
Q

Lobsters and crabs that have 10 legs

A

decapods

84
Q

Sessile filter feeders wrapped in a hard shell

A

barnacles

85
Q

Have flattened bodies and 7 pairs of legs; pill bugs

A

isopods

86
Q

Parasites found in a host’s lungs or nasal passage

A

tongue worm

87
Q

Largest group of chelicerates

A

arachnids

88
Q

Have unwanted side effects

A

insecticides

89
Q

Organisms that carry disease from one host to another

A

vector

90
Q

Caused by bacterium carried by fleas

A

bubonic plague

91
Q

Caused by a virus carried by mosquitoes

A

yellow fever

92
Q

Caused by a protozoan parasite carried by mosquitoes

A

malaria

93
Q

Caused by a virus carried by mosquitoes

A

West Nile virus

94
Q

Have long body, four walking limbs, and a tail

A

salamanders

95
Q

Only two groups of (—–) exist today

A

jawed fish

96
Q

Include ratfish, a small group of deep-sea fish

A

Holocephali

97
Q

First anmial to have four limbs, evolved from lobe-finned fish, and can live both on land and in water

A

amphibian

98
Q

Have notochord, hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits and tail at some point in their life

A

chordates

99
Q

Allow vertebrates to grow to large sizes and includes braincase, vertebrae, bones, and gill arches

A

endoskeleton

100
Q

Hard plate that protects bony fish’s gills

A

operculum

101
Q

Have fan of bones in fins

A

ray-finned fish

102
Q

Help fish swim higher or lower in water

A

swim bladder

103
Q

Include sharks, rays, and skates

A

elsmobranchs

104
Q

Legless, burrowing, tropical amphibians

A

caecilans

105
Q

Jawless fish

A

agnatha

106
Q

Protects and surrounds embryo and are found in reptiles, birds, and mammals

A

amnion

107
Q

Sensory system that is sensitive to small changes in water movement; all fish have it

A

lateral line

108
Q

Have paired rounded fins supported by a single bone

A

lobe-finned fish

109
Q

Largest amphibian group and includes toads

A

frog

110
Q

Almost completely waterproof container that prevents embryo from drying out as it develops

A

amniotic egg

111
Q

Characterized by the presence of feathers

A

bird

112
Q

Filtering units in the kidneys that clean the blood and produce urine

A

nephron

113
Q

Organic molecules that work with enzymes and regulate cell functions, growth, and development

A

vitamin

114
Q

Main source of energy for the body

A

carbohydrates

115
Q

Lungs exhale (—–) and water vapor

A

carbon dioxide

116
Q

Can be used to filter and clean the blood

A

dialysis

117
Q

Necessary for growth and repair of body cells

A

proteins

118
Q

Comes from plant foods and helps with elimination

A

fiber

119
Q

Aids in digestion and helps digest fat and protiens

A

pancreas

120
Q

Breaks down food into simpler molecules the body can use

A

digestive system

121
Q

Moves food through the organs

A

peristalsis

122
Q

Enzyme that breaks down food in the mouth and comes from the salivary glands

A

amylase

123
Q

From the liver/gallbladder and helps digest fats

A

bile

124
Q

Where water is absorbed and eliminated from

A

large intestine

125
Q

Where most nutrients absorbed and digestion is completed

A

small intestine

126
Q

Helps digest foods in stomach

A

HCl and pepsin

Biology (10 decks)

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