Biology: Semester Vocab Flashcards
TO PASS MY BIOLOGY SEMESTER!!!!!!
1
Q
Carry out the process of replication
A
protein
2
Q
Bond nucleotides together to form a double helix and find and correct errors
A
DNA polymerase
3
Q
Converts a gene into a single-stranded RNA molecule
A
transcription
4
Q
Carries DNA’s instructions and is a link between DNA and protein
A
RNA
5
Q
Converts an mRNA message into a polypeptide, or protein
A
Translation
6
Q
A sequence of three nucleotides that codes for a amino acid
A
codon
7
Q
A DNA segment that allows a gene to be transcribed
A
promotor
8
Q
A part of DNA that turns a gene “on” or “off”
A
operator
9
Q
First examples of gene regulation to be discovered and has three genes that code for enzymes that break down lactose
A
lac operon
10
Q
Mutation that substitutes one nucleotide for another
A
point mutation
11
Q
Mutation that inserts or deletes a nucleotide in the DNA sequence
A
frame shift mutation
12
Q
The science of naming and classifying orgnaisms
A
taxonomy
13
Q
A two part scientific naming system
A
binomial nomenclature
14
Q
American microbiologist who was the first to establish that archaea diverged from common ancestor they share with bacteria almost 4 billion years ago
A
Carl Woese
15
Q
(—–) are not always the result of close relationships
A
Physical similarities
16
Q
(—–) more accurately show evolutionary relationships
A
Genetic similarities
17
Q
Classification based on common ancestry
A
cladistics
18
Q
The evolutionary history for a group o species
A
phylogeny
19
Q
A common method to make evolutionary trees
A
cladistics
20
Q
An evolutionary tree that shares a common ancestor
A
cladogram
21
Q
A group of species that shares a common ancestor
A
clade
22
Q
Traits shared in different degrees by clade members
A
derived charactistics
23
Q
May confirm classification based on physical similarities
A
molecular data
24
Q
Use mutations to estimate evolutionary time
A
molecular clocks
25
Scientists estimate mutation rates by linking (-----) and (-----)
molecular data and real time
26
One of the largest groups on earth and is classified by shape, need for oxygen and diseases caused
domain bacteria
27
Have cell walls chemically different from bacteria and are known for living in extreme conditions
domain archaea
28
Any disease causing agent
pathogen
29
Made of DNA or RNA and a protein coat
virus
30
Made only of single stranded RNA, causes diseases in plants, and passes through seeds or pollen
viroid
31
Made only of proteins, causes misfolding of other proteins, and results in diseases of the brain
prion
32
Infection that causes the host cell to burst
lytic infection
33
Infection that does no immediate harm
lysogenic infection
34
Made from weakened pathogens, stimulates the body's own response, prepare the immune system for a future attack and are the only way to control the spread of viral disease
vaccine
35
Are poisoned by oxygen
obligate anarobes
36
Need oxygen
obligate aerobes
37
Can live with or without oxygen
facilitative aerobes
38
The amount of (-----) can differ between bacteria
peptidoglycon
39
Prokaryotes exchange genes during (-----)
conjugation
40
Bacteria may survive by forming (-----)
endospores
41
Allow plants to retain moisture
cuticle
42
Tiny holes in the cuticle
stomata
43
Allows plants to grow upright
lignin
44
Protects embryos from drying, wind and sun light
seed coat
45
An interaction in which two species benefit
mutualism
46
Two adaptations that prevent animals from eating plants
spines and thorns
| defense chemicals
47
Grow close to the ground to absorb water and nutrients
nonvascular plants
48
Most common seedless nonvascular plants from the phylum Bryophyta
mosses
49
Not true mosses and belong to the phylum Lycophyta
club mosses
50
Occurs when pollen meets the female plant parts
pollination
51
Do not have seeds enclosed in fruit and are mostly cone-bearing and evergreen
gymmpsperms
52
Most common gymnosperms alive today and include pines, spruce, cedar, fir, and juniper
conifer
53
Gymnosperms in the phylum Coniferophyta
conifer
54
Flowering plants who belong to the phylum Anthophyta
angiosperm
55
An embryonic seed coat
cotyledon
56
Study of plants
botany
57
Explores who people in different cultures use plants
ethnobotany
58
The study of drugs and their effects on the body
pharmacology
59
(-----) from willow trees is used in asprin
salincin
60
Potent plant chemicals that contain nitrogen
alkaloids
61
Animals cells are supported by (-----)
collagen
62
Determine the position of cell differentation
Hox genes
63
Control early development
homeotetic genes
64
Have an internal segemented backbone
vertebrates
65
Don't have a backbone
invertebrates
66
From mouth first, anus second
protostome
67
First from anus and then the mouth
deuterostome
68
Have specialized cells but no tissue and are the mos primitive animals on earth
sponge
69
The oldest existing animals that have specialized tissues
cnidarian
70
Cnidarians are made up of two layers separated by a (-----)
mesoglea
71
Are simple bilateral animals who have a solid body and incomplete or absent gut
flatworm
72
Are diverse animals that have a complete digestive tract and one of three features: radula, mantle, ctendia.
mollusk
73
Have segmented bodies
annelids
74
Refers to repeated sections of an annelids body
segmentation
75
A fluid-filled space completely surrounded by muscle
coelom
76
Have bilateral symmetry and shed their outer skeleton to grow
roundworm
77
The most diverse of all animals
arthropods
78
Extinct bottom feeders
trilobytes
79
Live in ocean, freshwater streams, and on land
crustaceans
80
Specialized daggerlike mouthparts
chelicerates
81
Most live on land and have 6 legs
insects
82
Long bodies and many pairs of legs
myrapods
83
Lobsters and crabs that have 10 legs
decapods
84
Sessile filter feeders wrapped in a hard shell
barnacles
85
Have flattened bodies and 7 pairs of legs; pill bugs
isopods
86
Parasites found in a host's lungs or nasal passage
tongue worm
87
Largest group of chelicerates
arachnids
88
Have unwanted side effects
insecticides
89
Organisms that carry disease from one host to another
vector
90
Caused by bacterium carried by fleas
bubonic plague
91
Caused by a virus carried by mosquitoes
yellow fever
92
Caused by a protozoan parasite carried by mosquitoes
malaria
93
Caused by a virus carried by mosquitoes
West Nile virus
94
Have long body, four walking limbs, and a tail
salamanders
95
Only two groups of (-----) exist today
jawed fish
96
Include ratfish, a small group of deep-sea fish
Holocephali
97
First anmial to have four limbs, evolved from lobe-finned fish, and can live both on land and in water
amphibian
98
Have notochord, hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits and tail at some point in their life
chordates
99
Allow vertebrates to grow to large sizes and includes braincase, vertebrae, bones, and gill arches
endoskeleton
100
Hard plate that protects bony fish's gills
operculum
101
Have fan of bones in fins
ray-finned fish
102
Help fish swim higher or lower in water
swim bladder
103
Include sharks, rays, and skates
elsmobranchs
104
Legless, burrowing, tropical amphibians
caecilans
105
Jawless fish
agnatha
106
Protects and surrounds embryo and are found in reptiles, birds, and mammals
amnion
107
Sensory system that is sensitive to small changes in water movement; all fish have it
lateral line
108
Have paired rounded fins supported by a single bone
lobe-finned fish
109
Largest amphibian group and includes toads
frog
110
Almost completely waterproof container that prevents embryo from drying out as it develops
amniotic egg
111
Characterized by the presence of feathers
bird
112
Filtering units in the kidneys that clean the blood and produce urine
nephron
113
Organic molecules that work with enzymes and regulate cell functions, growth, and development
vitamin
114
Main source of energy for the body
carbohydrates
115
Lungs exhale (-----) and water vapor
carbon dioxide
116
Can be used to filter and clean the blood
dialysis
117
Necessary for growth and repair of body cells
proteins
118
Comes from plant foods and helps with elimination
fiber
119
Aids in digestion and helps digest fat and protiens
pancreas
120
Breaks down food into simpler molecules the body can use
digestive system
121
Moves food through the organs
peristalsis
122
Enzyme that breaks down food in the mouth and comes from the salivary glands
amylase
123
From the liver/gallbladder and helps digest fats
bile
124
Where water is absorbed and eliminated from
large intestine
125
Where most nutrients absorbed and digestion is completed
small intestine
126
Helps digest foods in stomach
HCl and pepsin
