Biology: Chapter 8

Question 1

bacteriophage

Answer 1

virus that infects bacteria

Question 2

replication

Answer 2

process by which DNA is copied during the cell cycle

Question 3

DNA polymerase

Answer 3

enzyme that makes bonds between nucleotides, forming an identical strand of DNA during replication

Question 4

central dogma

Answer 4

theory that stages that, in cells, information only flows from DNA to RNA to proteins

Question 5

RNA

Answer 5

nucleic acid molecule that allows for transmission of genetic information and protein synthesis

Question 6

transcription

Answer 6

process of copying a sequence of DNA to produce a complementary strand of RNA

Question 7

RNA polymerase

Answer 7

enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA from a DNA template

Question 8

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Answer 8

for of RNA that carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it serves as a template fro protein synthesis

Question 9

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Answer 9

RNA that is in the ribosome and guides the translation of mRNA into a protein

Question 10

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Answer 10

form of RNA that brings amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis

Question 11

translation

Answer 11

process that converts, or translates, an mRNA message into a polypetide

Question 12

codon

Answer 12

three-nucleotide sequence that codes fro an amino acid

Question 13

stop codon

Answer 13

codon that signals a ribosome to translation

Question 14

start codon

Answer 14

codon that signals to ribosomes to begin translation; codes for the first amino acid in a protein

Question 15

anticodon

Answer 15

set of three nucleotides in a tRNA molecule that binds to a complementary mRNA codon during translation

Question 16

promotor

Answer 16

section of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds, starting the transcription of mRNA

Question 17

operon

Answer 17

section of DNA that contains all of the code to begin transcription, regulate transportation, and build a protein; includes a promoter, regulatory gene, and a structural gene

Question 18

exon

Answer 18

sequence of DNA that codes information for protein synthesis

Question 19

intron

Answer 19

segment of a gene that does not code for an amino acid

Question 20

mutation

Answer 20

a change in an organism’s DNA

Question 21

point mutation

Answer 21

mutation in which one nucleotide is substituted for antother

Question 22

frameshift mutaiton

Answer 22

mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in the DNA sequence

Question 23

mutagen

Answer 23

agents in the environment that can change DNA