Biology: Chapter 4 Flashcards
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes
ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
a lower-energy molecule that can be converted into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group
chemosynthesis
process by which some organisms use chemical energy instead of light energy to make energy-storing carbon-based molecules
photosynthesis
process that captures energy from sunlight to make sugars that store chemical energy
chlorophyll
a molecule in chloroplasts that absorbs some of the energy in visible light
thylakoid
membrane-bound structure within chloroplasts that contains chlorophyll and other slight-absorbing pigments used in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis
light-dependent reactions
part of photosynthesis that absorbs energy from sunlight and transfers energy to the light-independent reactions
light-independent reactions
part of photosynthesis that uses energy absorbed during the light-dependent reactions to synthesize carbohydrates
photosystem
series of light absorbing pigments and proteins that capture and transfer energy in the thylakoid membrane
electron transport chain
series of proteins in the membrane of the thylakoid and mitochondria that aid in converting ADP to ATP by transferring electrons
ATP synthase
enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that adds a high-energy phosphate group to ADP to from ATP
Calvin Cycle
process by which photosynthetic organism uses energy to synthesize simple sugars from CO2
cellular respiration
releases chemical energy from sugars and other carbon based molecules to make ATP when oxygen is present
aerobic
needs oxygen to take place
glycolysis
process that splits the glucose into two three-carbon molecules and makes two molecules of ATP