Biology: Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

A

molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes

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2
Q

ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

A

a lower-energy molecule that can be converted into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group

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3
Q

chemosynthesis

A

process by which some organisms use chemical energy instead of light energy to make energy-storing carbon-based molecules

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4
Q

photosynthesis

A

process that captures energy from sunlight to make sugars that store chemical energy

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5
Q

chlorophyll

A

a molecule in chloroplasts that absorbs some of the energy in visible light

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6
Q

thylakoid

A

membrane-bound structure within chloroplasts that contains chlorophyll and other slight-absorbing pigments used in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis

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7
Q

light-dependent reactions

A

part of photosynthesis that absorbs energy from sunlight and transfers energy to the light-independent reactions

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8
Q

light-independent reactions

A

part of photosynthesis that uses energy absorbed during the light-dependent reactions to synthesize carbohydrates

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9
Q

photosystem

A

series of light absorbing pigments and proteins that capture and transfer energy in the thylakoid membrane

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10
Q

electron transport chain

A

series of proteins in the membrane of the thylakoid and mitochondria that aid in converting ADP to ATP by transferring electrons

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11
Q

ATP synthase

A

enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that adds a high-energy phosphate group to ADP to from ATP

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12
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

process by which photosynthetic organism uses energy to synthesize simple sugars from CO2

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13
Q

cellular respiration

A

releases chemical energy from sugars and other carbon based molecules to make ATP when oxygen is present

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14
Q

aerobic

A

needs oxygen to take place

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15
Q

glycolysis

A

process that splits the glucose into two three-carbon molecules and makes two molecules of ATP

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16
Q

anaerobic

A

does not need oxygen to take place

17
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

process during cellular respiration that breaks down a carbon molecule to produce molecules that are used in the electron transport chain

18
Q

fermentation

A

anaerobic process by which ATP is produced by glycolosis

19
Q

lactic acid

A

product of fermentation in many types of cells, including human muscle cells