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S3 > Biology - plants 🪴 > Flashcards

Biology - plants 🪴 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three plant organs

A

Roots , stem , leaves

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2
Q

what is the function of the root hairs

A

To provide a larger surface area for the plant to absorb water

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3
Q

what is the structure of the root hairs

A

Long projection

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4
Q

why do plants require transport systems

A

To move water and dissolved foods from one area to another

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5
Q

where is the xylem vessels

A

In the stem

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6
Q

What is the function of the xylem

A

To transport water and minerals

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7
Q

Are xylem vessels dead or alive

A

Dead

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8
Q

What is the structure of the xylem

A

Dead , hollow tubes and has lignin for support

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9
Q

Explain where water and minerals enter

A

Water and minerals enter the plant through the root hairs and are transported in dead xylem vessels

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10
Q

What is the function of the phloem

A

Transports sugar and glucose up and down the plant

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11
Q

Is the phloem dead or alive

A

Alive

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12
Q

What is the structure of the phloem

A

Made of living tissues
Has sieve tubes and plates
Companion cells

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13
Q

What do companion cells provide

A

Energy for the sieve tubes

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14
Q

Upper and lower epidermis

Feature
Function

A

Feature - transparent

Function - lets light enter the leaf

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15
Q

Palisade mesophyll

Feature
Function

A

Feature - tall and tightly packed together and contains chloroplast
Function - photosynthesis

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16
Q

Spongy mesophyll

Feature
Function

A

Feature - loosely packed together with air spaces

Function - allows carbon dioxide to diffuse to the palisade mesophyll cells

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17
Q

Veins

Feature
Function

A

Feature - contains xylem and phloem

Function - transports water and minerals , and glucose produced in mesophyll cells

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18
Q

Stoma (stomata)

Feature
Function

A

Feature -close in darkness and open in light

Function - allow carbon dioxide to enter oxygen and water vapour to leave

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19
Q

Guard cells

Feature
Function

A

Feature - water enters to open the stomata

Function- control opening and closing of stomata

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20
Q

What is transportation

A

The evaporation of cells water from leaves

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21
Q

What is the transpiration stream

A

The transport of water through a plant

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22
Q

How does water and minerals enter the plant

A

Through the root hairs by osmosis

Water then enters the xylem and then travels up the dead xylem

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23
Q

What happens when water travels to the stomata

A

It evaporates out the surrounding air by diffusion

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24
Q

The three steps of transpiration

A
  1. Water enters the root hair cells by osmosis
  2. Water enters the xylem vessels and moves upwards
  3. Water travels to stomata and evaporates into surrounding air by diffusion
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25
Q

How is the rate of transpiration affected

A

Wind speed
Humidity
Temperature
Surface area

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26
Q

Will an increase in temperature increase or decrease the rate of transpiration

A

Increase

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27
Q

Will a decrease in wind speed increase or decrease the rate of transpiration

A

Decrease

28
Q

Will the increase of humidity increase or decrease the rate of transpiration

A

Decrease

29
Q

Will a increase in surface area increase or decrease the rate of transpiration

A

Increase

30
Q

Why are plants grown

A

To provide food , medicine , fuel and raw materials

31
Q

What are biofuels

A

Fuels produced from plant materials

32
Q

What is pharming

A

A technology which involves genetically engineering plants so they produce medicinal products

33
Q

Plants can be used as fertilisers

What are fertilisers ?

A

They provide essential nutrients to developing flowers, plants and vegetables

34
Q

What is important for the growth ans development of plants

A

Water
Oxygen
Warmth
(WOW)

35
Q

Describe the first two steps in seed germination

A
  1. The seed is planted in the soil

2. The roots start growing

36
Q

The next three steps

A
  1. The shoot grows out (hook shaped)

4. The shoot breaks through the surface of the soil

37
Q

The next three

A
  1. The roots continue to grow and the shoot grows up
  2. The plant straightens and the first leaves open out
  3. Side branches grow out from main roots
38
Q

What do growing plants require

A

Minerals

39
Q

What is the function of magnesium

A

Needed to make chlorophyll

40
Q

What is the function of nitrate

A

Needed to make proteins

41
Q

What is the function of phosphate

A

Needed to make DNA

42
Q

What us the function of potassium

A

Needed for healthy growth

43
Q

What two types of reproduction can plants carry out

A

Sexual and asexual

44
Q

How many parents do each sexual and asexual reproduction involve

A

Sexual- 2 parents

Asexual- only 1

45
Q

What are the offsprings of both sexual and asexual reproduction like

A

Sexual- genetically unique

Asexual- genetically identical (eg clone)

46
Q

In flowering plants are the female and male reproductive structures in the same or different plant

A

they can be found in the same

47
Q

What is the organ or sexual reproduction

A

The flower

48
Q

What is the process involved in plant reproduction

A

Fertilisation

49
Q

What is a gamete

A

A sex cell

50
Q

What is the male gamete

A

Pollen

51
Q

Where is pollen produced

A

Anther

52
Q

What is the female gamete

A

Ovule

53
Q

Where is the ovule produced

A

The ovaries

54
Q

What is the definition of diploid

A

The cell has two sets of chromosomes

46 chromosomes or 23 pairs

55
Q

What is the definition of haploid

A

Sex cells are haploid
They only have one set of chromosomes
(23 single chromosomes)

56
Q

What is the function of the anther

A

Produced pollen grains - male gamete for plants

57
Q

What is the function of the ovary

A

Produces ovules - female gamete for plants

58
Q

What is the stigma

A

Where the pollen travels before entering the ovary for fertilisation- the female part of the plant

59
Q

What is the first 2 steps of fertilisation

A
  1. A bee transports pollen grains on the stigma of a flower

2. A pollen tube grows through the tissue of the flower until it reaches an ovule inside the ovary

60
Q

The last

A

The nucleus of the pollen grain (male gamete) passes along the pollen tube and joins with the nucleus of the ovule

61
Q

What is asexual reproduction

A

Also known as plant propagation

Is the production of new plants naturally or by artificial methods

62
Q

What is the simplest way to artificially propagate a plant

A

Cutting

This involves taking a branch from the parent and cutting the lower leaves and planting the stem in damp compost

63
Q

What are other methods for plant propagation

A

Bulbs
Runners
Tubers

64
Q

Name 2 raw materials and their uses

A

Cotton - cloth eg. Clothes

Seaweed - toothpaste , shampoo

65
Q

Name 2 foods and their uses

A

Potato - chips , crisps

Grape - jam , wine

66
Q

Name 2 medicines and their uses

A

Foxglove - treats heart disease

Aloe Vera - soothes burns

S3 (6 decks)

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