Biology - plants 🪴 Flashcards
What are the three plant organs
Roots , stem , leaves
what is the function of the root hairs
To provide a larger surface area for the plant to absorb water
what is the structure of the root hairs
Long projection
why do plants require transport systems
To move water and dissolved foods from one area to another
where is the xylem vessels
In the stem
What is the function of the xylem
To transport water and minerals
Are xylem vessels dead or alive
Dead
What is the structure of the xylem
Dead , hollow tubes and has lignin for support
Explain where water and minerals enter
Water and minerals enter the plant through the root hairs and are transported in dead xylem vessels
What is the function of the phloem
Transports sugar and glucose up and down the plant
Is the phloem dead or alive
Alive
What is the structure of the phloem
Made of living tissues
Has sieve tubes and plates
Companion cells
What do companion cells provide
Energy for the sieve tubes
Upper and lower epidermis
Feature
Function
Feature - transparent
Function - lets light enter the leaf
Palisade mesophyll
Feature
Function
Feature - tall and tightly packed together and contains chloroplast
Function - photosynthesis
Spongy mesophyll
Feature
Function
Feature - loosely packed together with air spaces
Function - allows carbon dioxide to diffuse to the palisade mesophyll cells
Veins
Feature
Function
Feature - contains xylem and phloem
Function - transports water and minerals , and glucose produced in mesophyll cells
Stoma (stomata)
Feature
Function
Feature -close in darkness and open in light
Function - allow carbon dioxide to enter oxygen and water vapour to leave
Guard cells
Feature
Function
Feature - water enters to open the stomata
Function- control opening and closing of stomata
What is transportation
The evaporation of cells water from leaves
What is the transpiration stream
The transport of water through a plant
How does water and minerals enter the plant
Through the root hairs by osmosis
Water then enters the xylem and then travels up the dead xylem
What happens when water travels to the stomata
It evaporates out the surrounding air by diffusion
The three steps of transpiration
- Water enters the root hair cells by osmosis
- Water enters the xylem vessels and moves upwards
- Water travels to stomata and evaporates into surrounding air by diffusion
How is the rate of transpiration affected
Wind speed
Humidity
Temperature
Surface area
Will an increase in temperature increase or decrease the rate of transpiration
Increase
Will a decrease in wind speed increase or decrease the rate of transpiration
Decrease
Will the increase of humidity increase or decrease the rate of transpiration
Decrease
Will a increase in surface area increase or decrease the rate of transpiration
Increase
Why are plants grown
To provide food , medicine , fuel and raw materials
What are biofuels
Fuels produced from plant materials
What is pharming
A technology which involves genetically engineering plants so they produce medicinal products
Plants can be used as fertilisers
What are fertilisers ?
They provide essential nutrients to developing flowers, plants and vegetables
What is important for the growth ans development of plants
Water
Oxygen
Warmth
(WOW)
Describe the first two steps in seed germination
- The seed is planted in the soil
2. The roots start growing
The next three steps
- The shoot grows out (hook shaped)
4. The shoot breaks through the surface of the soil
The next three
- The roots continue to grow and the shoot grows up
- The plant straightens and the first leaves open out
- Side branches grow out from main roots
What do growing plants require
Minerals
What is the function of magnesium
Needed to make chlorophyll
What is the function of nitrate
Needed to make proteins
What is the function of phosphate
Needed to make DNA
What us the function of potassium
Needed for healthy growth
What two types of reproduction can plants carry out
Sexual and asexual
How many parents do each sexual and asexual reproduction involve
Sexual- 2 parents
Asexual- only 1
What are the offsprings of both sexual and asexual reproduction like
Sexual- genetically unique
Asexual- genetically identical (eg clone)
In flowering plants are the female and male reproductive structures in the same or different plant
they can be found in the same
What is the organ or sexual reproduction
The flower
What is the process involved in plant reproduction
Fertilisation
What is a gamete
A sex cell
What is the male gamete
Pollen
Where is pollen produced
Anther
What is the female gamete
Ovule
Where is the ovule produced
The ovaries
What is the definition of diploid
The cell has two sets of chromosomes
46 chromosomes or 23 pairs
What is the definition of haploid
Sex cells are haploid
They only have one set of chromosomes
(23 single chromosomes)
What is the function of the anther
Produced pollen grains - male gamete for plants
What is the function of the ovary
Produces ovules - female gamete for plants
What is the stigma
Where the pollen travels before entering the ovary for fertilisation- the female part of the plant
What is the first 2 steps of fertilisation
- A bee transports pollen grains on the stigma of a flower
2. A pollen tube grows through the tissue of the flower until it reaches an ovule inside the ovary
The last
The nucleus of the pollen grain (male gamete) passes along the pollen tube and joins with the nucleus of the ovule
What is asexual reproduction
Also known as plant propagation
Is the production of new plants naturally or by artificial methods
What is the simplest way to artificially propagate a plant
Cutting
This involves taking a branch from the parent and cutting the lower leaves and planting the stem in damp compost
What are other methods for plant propagation
Bulbs
Runners
Tubers
Name 2 raw materials and their uses
Cotton - cloth eg. Clothes
Seaweed - toothpaste , shampoo
Name 2 foods and their uses
Potato - chips , crisps
Grape - jam , wine
Name 2 medicines and their uses
Foxglove - treats heart disease
Aloe Vera - soothes burns
