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Class - Year 10 > Biology - paper 1 > Flashcards

Biology - paper 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

How long does the cell cycle take?

A

Anywhere from 24 hours to years (depending on organism)

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2
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Process of cell division, resulting in two identical cells

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3
Q

What is stage 1 of the cell cycle?

A
  • Longest stage
  • grows bigger
  • increased mass
  • duplicate their DNA
  • increase number of ribosomes, mitochondria etc for cell divide
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4
Q

What is stage 2 of the cell cycle?

A

-mitosis occurs
- organelles get pulled apart and nucleus splits

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5
Q

What is stage 3 of the cell cycle?

A
  • cytoplasm and cell membrane split
  • two identical daughter cells
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6
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

Research using cells from an adult to produce a cloned embryo of themselves.

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7
Q

What could stem cells cure?

A
  • spinal cord injuries
  • diabetes
  • eyesight
  • heart damage
  • damaged bone and cartilage
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8
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Break down large molecules for digestion to occur

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9
Q

What does the liver do?

A

Produces bile

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10
Q

What are the main compounds of a cell?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

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11
Q

What are simple carbohydrates?

A

Compsed of only one or two units of sugars

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12
Q

What are complex carbohydrates?

A

Composed of long chains of simple sugar units bonded

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13
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and hyrdogen

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14
Q

What is the definition of denatured?

A

Loss of an enzyme’s normal shape so that it no longer functions

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15
Q

What causes something to become denatured

A

If the pH or temperature is too low / too high

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16
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

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17
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Proteins that act as a biological catalyst

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18
Q

What is enzyme activity affected by?

A

Temperature and pH

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19
Q

What are temperatures affects on enzyme activity?

A

Higher temps denature the enzyme and change the shape of the active site

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20
Q

What are pH affects on enzyme activity?

A

Interefers with the forces between proteins, therefore the shape changes and can no longer act on that site.

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21
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A

Mouth and small intestine

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22
Q

Where is protease produced?

A

Stomach, pancreas, small intestine

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23
Q

Where is lipase produced?

A

Pancreas and small intestine

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24
Q

What is pepsine?

A

Protein digesting enzyme

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25
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

Liver

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26
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Gallbladder

27
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to their functions?

A
  • no nucleus
  • packed with haemoglobin
  • biconcave disks
28
Q

What are arteries?

A

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

29
Q

What are veins?

A

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.

30
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules

31
Q

What are coronary arteries?

A

Blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart

32
Q

What is the atria?

A

Two upper chambers of the heart

33
Q

What is vena cava?

A

Large vein carrying deoxygenated blood into the heart

34
Q

What are pulmonary veins?

A

Deliver oxygen rich blood from lungs to left atrium

35
Q

what are the ventricles?

A

Two lower chambers of the heart

36
Q

What is the pulmonary artery?

A

Artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from heart to the lungs

37
Q

What is the aorta?

A

The large arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body

38
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

Clogging of vessels that nourish heart, treated with stent or bypass and often prescribed statins

39
Q

What is a stent?

A

Wire-mesh tube used to keep arteries open

40
Q

What are statins?

A

Drugs used to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream

41
Q

What is a mechanical valve?

A

Man made valve but must be on medication for life - made from titanium

42
Q

What is a biological valve?

A

Last 12-15 years, no medication
- made using pig valves

43
Q

What is the resting heart rate?

A

7-80BPM

44
Q

What is an artificial heart?

A

A pump designed to fit into human chest cavity and perform the heart’s function

45
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Air sacs in the lungs

46
Q

What are alveoli adaptions?

A
  • thin walls make diffusion easy as there is a short diffusion distance
  • spherical shape of the alveoli gives large surface area for diffusion
47
Q

What does the phloem tissue do?

A

Transports glucose and other dissolved sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plants

48
Q

What is translocation?

A

The movement of dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant

49
Q

What does the xylem tissue do?

A

Moves water and dissolved minerals from the roots up the stem to the leaves where these substances are used in photosynthesis

50
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant

51
Q

What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Light intensity
Temperature
Air flow
Humidity

52
Q

How do pathogens cause disease?

A

1 - bacteria multiply and produce toxins that lead to illness
2 - viruses take over the cells of your body and live/reproduce inside the cell causing damage

53
Q

Who is Ignaz Semmelweis

A

Identified cause of childbed fever. Emphasized doctor cleanliness

54
Q

Who is Louis Pasteur?

A

Discovered microorganisms cause disease and developed vaccines as a cure

55
Q

What did Joseph Lister do?

A

Discovered how antiseptics prevented infection

56
Q

What is agrobacterium tumefaciens?

A

A tumor-inducing bacteria in plants that has been altered by scientists to transfer traits (genes) from one plant to another

57
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

The resistance of a group to an attack by a disease to which a large proportion of the members of the group are immune

58
Q

What did Alexander Flemming?

A

Discovered penicillin

59
Q

Who are Ernest Chain and Howard Florey?

A

Worked to have penicillin available during WWII as a safe and effective antibiotic treatment

60
Q

What is carcinogen?

A

A cancer-causing substance

61
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A

A tumour that does not affect surrounding tissues other than by physically crowding them

62
Q

What is a malignant tumour?

A

A tumour that interferes with the functioning of surrounding cells ; a cancerous tumour

63
Q
A

Class - Year 10 (5 decks)

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