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Class - Year 10 > Biology - paper 1 > Flashcards

Biology - paper 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

How long does the cell cycle take?

A

Anywhere from 24 hours to years (depending on organism)

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2
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Process of cell division, resulting in two identical cells

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3
Q

What is stage 1 of the cell cycle?

A
  • Longest stage
  • grows bigger
  • increased mass
  • duplicate their DNA
  • increase number of ribosomes, mitochondria etc for cell divide
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4
Q

What is stage 2 of the cell cycle?

A

-mitosis occurs
- organelles get pulled apart and nucleus splits

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5
Q

What is stage 3 of the cell cycle?

A
  • cytoplasm and cell membrane split
  • two identical daughter cells
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6
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

Research using cells from an adult to produce a cloned embryo of themselves.

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7
Q

What could stem cells cure?

A
  • spinal cord injuries
  • diabetes
  • eyesight
  • heart damage
  • damaged bone and cartilage
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8
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Break down large molecules for digestion to occur

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9
Q

What does the liver do?

A

Produces bile

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10
Q

What are the main compounds of a cell?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

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11
Q

What are simple carbohydrates?

A

Compsed of only one or two units of sugars

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12
Q

What are complex carbohydrates?

A

Composed of long chains of simple sugar units bonded

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13
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and hyrdogen

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14
Q

What is the definition of denatured?

A

Loss of an enzyme’s normal shape so that it no longer functions

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15
Q

What causes something to become denatured

A

If the pH or temperature is too low / too high

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16
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

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17
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Proteins that act as a biological catalyst

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18
Q

What is enzyme activity affected by?

A

Temperature and pH

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19
Q

What are temperatures affects on enzyme activity?

A

Higher temps denature the enzyme and change the shape of the active site

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20
Q

What are pH affects on enzyme activity?

A

Interefers with the forces between proteins, therefore the shape changes and can no longer act on that site.

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21
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A

Mouth and small intestine

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22
Q

Where is protease produced?

A

Stomach, pancreas, small intestine

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23
Q

Where is lipase produced?

A

Pancreas and small intestine

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24
Q

What is pepsine?

A

Protein digesting enzyme

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25
Where is bile produced?
Liver
26
Where is bile stored?
Gallbladder
27
How are red blood cells adapted to their functions?
- no nucleus - packed with haemoglobin - biconcave disks
28
What are arteries?
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
29
What are veins?
Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.
30
What are capillaries?
Any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules
31
What are coronary arteries?
Blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart
32
What is the atria?
Two upper chambers of the heart
33
What is vena cava?
Large vein carrying deoxygenated blood into the heart
34
What are pulmonary veins?
Deliver oxygen rich blood from lungs to left atrium
35
what are the ventricles?
Two lower chambers of the heart
36
What is the pulmonary artery?
Artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from heart to the lungs
37
What is the aorta?
The large arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body
38
What is coronary heart disease?
Clogging of vessels that nourish heart, treated with stent or bypass and often prescribed statins
39
What is a stent?
Wire-mesh tube used to keep arteries open
40
What are statins?
Drugs used to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream
41
What is a mechanical valve?
Man made valve but must be on medication for life - made from titanium
42
What is a biological valve?
Last 12-15 years, no medication - made using pig valves
43
What is the resting heart rate?
7-80BPM
44
What is an artificial heart?
A pump designed to fit into human chest cavity and perform the heart's function
45
What are alveoli?
Air sacs in the lungs
46
What are alveoli adaptions?
- thin walls make diffusion easy as there is a short diffusion distance - spherical shape of the alveoli gives large surface area for diffusion
47
What does the phloem tissue do?
Transports glucose and other dissolved sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plants
48
What is translocation?
The movement of dissolved sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant
49
What does the xylem tissue do?
Moves water and dissolved minerals from the roots up the stem to the leaves where these substances are used in photosynthesis
50
What is transpiration?
Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant
51
What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?
Light intensity Temperature Air flow Humidity
52
How do pathogens cause disease?
1 - bacteria multiply and produce toxins that lead to illness 2 - viruses take over the cells of your body and live/reproduce inside the cell causing damage
53
Who is Ignaz Semmelweis
Identified cause of childbed fever. Emphasized doctor cleanliness
54
Who is Louis Pasteur?
Discovered microorganisms cause disease and developed vaccines as a cure
55
What did Joseph Lister do?
Discovered how antiseptics prevented infection
56
What is agrobacterium tumefaciens?
A tumor-inducing bacteria in plants that has been altered by scientists to transfer traits (genes) from one plant to another
57
What is herd immunity?
The resistance of a group to an attack by a disease to which a large proportion of the members of the group are immune
58
What did Alexander Flemming?
Discovered penicillin
59
Who are Ernest Chain and Howard Florey?
Worked to have penicillin available during WWII as a safe and effective antibiotic treatment
60
What is carcinogen?
A cancer-causing substance
61
What is a benign tumour?
A tumour that does not affect surrounding tissues other than by physically crowding them
62
What is a malignant tumour?
A tumour that interferes with the functioning of surrounding cells ; a cancerous tumour
63

Class - Year 10 (5 decks)

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