BIOLOGY MOCKS Y10 PAPER 1

Question 1

are plant cells eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

Answer 1

Eukaryotic, because it is a cell with a nucleus

Question 2

Whats do chloroplasts contain? whats is function?
does it appear in animal cells?

Answer 2

Chloroplasts contain a substance called chlorophyll, which is a green coloured substance that appears in the leafs and stem of a plant giving them its green colour.
Chloroplasts absorb sunlight and are the main site of photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts only appear in plant cells

Question 3

What are cell walls made up of?
whats the cell walls function?
do they appear in animal cells?

Answer 3

Cell walls are made up of cellulose.
The cellulose helps to keep the cells structure and protects the cell.
No, cell walls only appear in plant cells

Question 4

what is the vacuole made up of?
whats its function?
does it appear in animal cells?

Answer 4

the vacuole is filled with a cell sap and takes up a large percentage of a cell
Its function is to give the cell its shape, it also stores the cells nutrients and water.
No, vacuoles only appear in plant cells.

Question 5

are animal cells eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

Answer 5

animal cells are eukaryotic because they have a nucleus

Question 6

whats the function of a nucleus in an animal cell?

Answer 6

in an animal cell the function of a nucleus is to enclose its genetic material( DNA).

Question 6

whats the function of a cytoplasm in an animal cell?

Answer 6

Cytoplasm is a watery solution were chemical reactions take place- e.g. the first stage of respiration.

Question 7

what is mitochondria?

Answer 7

The mitochondria is a double membrane oval shaped part to an animal cell. Its the part of the cell were aerobic respiration occurs.

Question 8

what is aerobic respiration?

Answer 8

a cellular process that uses oxygen to break down glucose and other nutrients, releasing energy, carbon dioxide and water.

Question 9

what are ribosomes?

Answer 9

Ribosomes are a small particle in a cell that function to synthesise proteins

Question 10

what is protein synthesis?

Answer 10

the process of making proteins from DNA in cells

Question 11

what are the different parts of a microscope?

Answer 11

stage, clips, lamp, 3 objective lenses ( 4x, 10x and 40x), eye piece, course focusing dial and fine focusing dial.

Question 12

how would you set up your microscope for a practicle?

Answer 12

First you place your prepared slide onto the stage in the centre of the microscope and secure it with the clips. Then you put the lowest magnification lenses ( usually 4x) to a position where it almost touches the slide using the course focusing dial. We then look in the eye piece then turn the course focusing dial, increasing the distance between the objective lense and slide until you can see cells. Finally we use the fine focusing dial to get a clear view of the cell.

Question 13

what is the equation for magnification?

Answer 13

magnification= eye piece lense X magnification of objective lense

Question 14

what is a specialised cell?

Answer 14

specialised cells are any cells in a complex organism that have a specific shape, size and amount of organelles to do their job.
e.g. a red blood cell and nerve cell have completely different structures due to their different jobs in the body.

Question 15

name three types of specialised cell in an animal.

Answer 15

muscle cells, sperm cells and nerve cells.

Question 16

name three types of specialised cell in a plant.

Answer 16

root hair cells, phloem cells and xylem cells.

Question 17

why is a sperm cell specialised?

Answer 17

a sperm cell is specialised due to its amount of adaptations to make it perfect for its job. Such as:
- flagellum(tail) allows the cell to swim through the uterus and Fallopian tube to reach the egg
- has lots of mitochondria to keep its energy levels high for swimming
-its nucleus contains half as much DNA as a named adult cell.
- it has a lot of digestive enzymes used to break a hole in the egg to fertilise it.

Question 18

what is diffrientation?

Answer 18

differentiation is the process by which a cell takes to become specialised.

Question 19

what is mitosis?

Answer 19

a cell division used for growth and repair in an organism

Question 20

What does mitosis produce?

Answer 20

Produces genetically identical daughter cells.

Question 21

What is the first stage of mitosis?

Answer 21

Interphase, when the cell prepares itself for division by replicating its DNA and making more organelles such as mitochondria and ribosones

Question 22

What is the second stage of mitosis?

Answer 22

Prophase- when the nucleus membrane breaks down and the chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell.

Question 23

What is the third stage if mitosis?

Answer 23

Metaphase- when chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell

Question 24

What is the fourth stage of mitosis?

Answer 24

Anaphase- when the spindle fibres pull the chromosomes away to each side of the cell

Question 25

What is the fifth stage of mitosis?

Answer 25

Telophase- when the chromosomes arrive at each end of the cell and the nucleus membrane reforms.

Question 26

What is the sixth and final stage of mitosis?

Answer 26

Cytokonesis- when the cell membrane and cytoplasm split creating two genetically identical daughter cells.

Question 27

How do cancer cells form?

Answer 27

Cancer cells form when uncontrolled cell division takes place, this is caused by mutated DNA.

Question 28

In sexual reproduction, what is the scientific term for sperm and egg cells and are they haploid or diploid?

Answer 28

They are called gametes, produced by meiosis, and these are haploid as they only contain half the genetic information for a organism.

Question 29

how much genetic information does a diploid cell hold?

Answer 29

It holds two sets as these cells are produced after fertilisation takes place, two haploid cells fusing together.

Question 30

what are the names for chromosomes from a mother and father?

Answer 30

mother- maternal chromosomes father- paternal chromosomes

Question 31

what is the first step of meiosis?

Answer 31

to replicate DNA. DNA replicates its chromosomes but not to form new chromosomes but to add an arm ( creating an X shape ).

Question 32

What the second step of meiosis?

Answer 32

all the pairs line up along the cells centre, where the chromosomes are placed does not matter.

Question 33

What is the third step of meiosis?

Answer 33

the first division, chromosome pairs are split in half and the whole cell splits down the middle, the chromosomes are now randomly distributed and the DNA in each cell is different.

Question 34

What is step four of meiosis?

Answer 34

This is the second division, chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell again, and each arm of the chromosomes are pulled to different sides of the cell, after this the cells split again and we are left with 4 genetically unique cells that we call gametes .

Question 35

Define " fossil "

Answer 35

A fossil is the remains of an organism from millions of years ago, found in rocks.

Question 36

How do fossils form?

Answer 36

fossils form: - when parts of organisms have not been decayed - even if organisms are decayed they are slowly being replaced by minerals - they can be traces of animals e.g. footsteps or burrows

Question 37

Define " extinct "

Answer 37

a species is extinct when there are no remaining individuals of a species still alive.

Question 38

How to species become extinct?

Answer 38

- by a catastrophic event, asteroid led to dinosaurs extinction - when the environment or weather pattern changes in there habitat. - a new disease or predator could potentially eliminate a species - If a new more advanced specie becomes competitive with another for stuff such as food, water etc...

Question 39

What is natural selection?

Answer 39

when a type of species is better at coping with change than others.

Question 40

What is genetic variation?

Answer 40

when the characteristics of individuals vary because of differences in genes.

Question 41

What is inheritance?

Answer 41

the survivors breed and pass on their genetic variations to their offspring.(next generation will have ' better adapted variations')

Question 42

What is evolution?

Answer 42

if the environmental conditions remain changed, natural selection occurs over and over again, and a new species evolves with all the individuals having better adapted variations.

Question 43

Name the three domain system and where their found.

Answer 43

- Archae - found in extreme conditions such as hot springs - True bacteria - live in human digestive system - eukaryota - animals plants and fungi

Question 44

Name all the animal kingdoms in order.

Answer 44

1. Animals 2. Plants 3. Fungi 4. Protists 5. prokaryotes

Question 45

What is the 4 types of selective breeding?

Answer 45

Domestic dogs: bread to have a gentle nature Food crops (wheat): disease resistant Cows: to produce more meat/milk Plants: to produce large flowers

Question 46

What are GM ( genetically modified) crops made resistant to?

Answer 46

They are made resistant to disease, insect attack or producing bigger and better fruits.

Question 47

Why do some people not agree with genetic modification?

Answer 47

Some people don't agree with it because it can be harmful to the environment and potential health effects.

Question 48

What are antibiotics?

Answer 48

A drug that can kill bacteria

Question 49

What happens during antibiotic resistance?

Answer 49

Antibiotics are meant to kill bacteria but sometimes bacteria create a random mutation causing them to be resistant to antibiotics, so they then reproduce the resistant bacteria cells and they all have the antibiotic resistance gene.