Biology - Midterm Review Flashcards
The process by which organisms keep their internal conditions relatively stable is called ___
Homeostasis
A scientific THEORY is ___
A well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations
The term spontaneous generations means that ___
Living things can arise from nonliving matter
An inference is ___
A logical interpretation of an observation
What best describes adaptation?
Inherited changes in response to environmental factors
What is true about scientific INQUIRY
It is testable
Which SI base unit would be used to describe the physical characteristics of a horse?
Yards, pints, kilograms, or hours
Kilograms
A TESTABLE explanation
Hypothesis
What is always true of a CONTROLLED experiment?
Only one variable is tested at a time
A control group is ___
The group that is not exposed to the variable being tested
Used for comparison
The field that applies science to crime investigation is called ___
Forensics
A process called ___ allows scientists to evaluate the results of research done by other scientists
Peer review
Why is the metric system important in scientific research?
It allows scientists to repeat past research using same measurements
What is the purpose for a control group in an experiment?
Comparison
What is the 1 unique characteristic of all life as we know it
Cellular in nature
We covered 8 different characteristics of life in class. Other than the 1 unique characteristic of life, identify 4 additional characteristics of life that were discussed
Maintains homeostasis Organized Grows/Develops Reproduces Responds Uses energy Adapts
Which scientist finally disproved the theory of spontaneous generation?
Pasteur
What is the very first steep of the scientific method?
Make an observation
What is the difference between GROWTH and DEVELOPMENT
Growth is only an increase in size, usually including the formation of new cells.
Development is a series of natural changes that occur gradually over an organism’s lifetime
What is 1 of the 3 goals of science as discussed in class?
To provide a natural explanation for observations in nature.
To understand the patterns seen in nature.
To make useful predictions about natural events.
Place the steps of the scientific method in order
Make an observation Ask a question Investigate (In a library or Online) Create a hypothesis Create and conduct an experiment Analyze the results Come to a conclusion Report results
During the discussion of the definition of life, what was the one grouping of disease-causing structures that continues to provide for debate between living and non-living?
Viruses
NASA’s definition of life, and the reason why it doesn’t work
“Capable of undergoing Darwinian evolution”
Some things can’t breed for whatever reason, and if they can’t breed, they can’t evolve, yet they are obviously still living
The bioethics reading that was assigned dealt with the problem of an individual who wanted to run in the Olympic games. Sum up the controversy in 1 or 2 sentences.
Oscar Pistorius runs on blades called cheetahs. He wants to compete in the Olympics, but some people believe that running on Cheetahs is unfair. The cheetahs give Oscar several advantages and disadvantages, and some people believe that he has an unfair advantage over runners who must compete on their own 2 legs.
Adaptation
Inherited response to an environmental factor
Theory
Well-tested explanation
Response
Reaction to a stimulus
Observation
Gathering of information using the senses
Data
Information gained from experiments
Serendipity
Occurrence of accidental but fortunate outcomes
Hypothesis
A testable educated guess
Stimulus
Something that results in a reaction
A scientific theory is ___
A well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations
An inference is ___
A logical interpretation of an observation
The term spontaneous generation means that ___
Living things can arise from nonliving matter
What is always true about a controlled experiment?
Only one variable is tested at a time
Science is ___
A method of gathering and analyzing evidence of the natural world
What is the very first step of the scientific method?
Make an observation
What is the purpose of the control group in an experiment?
Comparison
What is a one word description of definition of “dependent variable?”
Results
Which scientist finally disproved the idea of spontaneous generation?
Pasteur
Name one other scientist who worked to try and disprove spontaneous generation
Redi
Spallanzani
When the pH of a solution is changed from 6 to 10, what change was made?
Acid to base
An IONIC bond forms when 2 atoms combine by gaining or losing ___
Electrons
The nucleus of an atom contains ___
Neutrons and protons
\_\_Complete_the_Table\_\_ Atomic # I 11 I (4) I (7) I Proton # I (1) I 15 I (8) I Neutron # I (2) I 16 I (9) I Electron # I (3) I (5) I 1 I Atomic Mass I 23 I (6) I 1 I
1) 11 6) 31
2) 12 7) 1
3) 11 8) 1
4) 15 9) 0
5) 15
What are the 3 pieces of information found on the periodic table for each element?
Atomic #
Atomic Mass
Atomic Symbol
Name 2 of the properties of water that are produced due to hydrogen bonding of the water molecules
Surface tension (Cohesion)
Adhesion
High Heat Capacity
When the pH of a solution is changed from 10 to 6, what change was made?
Base to acid
The nucleus of an atom contains ___
Protons and neutrons
A covalent bond forms when 2 atoms combine by SHARING ___
Electrons
Each element is made up of only 1 kind of ___
Atom
Which process changes a chlorine ATOM into a chlorine ION?
Electron gain
How do the isotopes of hydrogen differ?
The number of neutrons
PURE water traits
Neutral pH of 7.0
Composed of polar molecules
It is a good solvent
A substance that INCREASES the concentration or amount of hydrogen ions in a solution is called a ___
Acid
The ability of water molecules to hydrogen bond with other, different molecules is referred to as ___
Adhesion
An IONIC bond is formed when 2 atoms ___
Give up or receive valence electrons
\_\_Complete_the_Table\_\_ Atomic # I 4 I (4) I (7) I Proton # I (1) I 26 I (8) I Neutron # I (2) I 30 I (9) I Electron # I (3) I (5) I 1 I Atomic Mass I 9 I (6) I 1 I
1) 4 6) 56
2) 5 7) 1
3) 4 8) 1
4) 26 9) 0
5) 26
What are 3 pieces of information found on the periodic table for each element? Explain what each one is or means as it applies to the element
Atomic # = Number of protons in the atom
Atomic mass = Protons + neutrons in the atom. The average of the atom’s isotopes
Atomic symbol = Shorthand for atom’s name
What is the role, or job, of a buffer?
Compound that prevent rapid, major changes in the pH of a system
What is the definition of matter?
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Explain the difference between SOLVENT and SOLUTE. You may use the definitions of each as your explanation
The solvent has the solute dissolved in it.
The solute is dissolved in the solvent.
What does the pH scale actually measure?
Acidity
Acid vs base
Give the range of the pH scale. Indicate where the acids would be found, where the bases would be found, and what is considered to be neutral.
Range = 0 - 14
Range of acids = 0 -7
Range of bases = 7 - 14
Neutral = 7
Rank the 3 main types of bonds from STRONGEST to WEAKEST
Covalent
Ionic
Hydrogen
Give examples of water’s 3 properties
Cohesion = Surface tension
Adhesion = Capillary tube
High heat capacity = In Florida, the water is cooler than the air
Know how to do metric conversions
.
Lipids are called high-energy nutrients because they ___
Yield a large amount of energy per gram
Which of the life substance groupings includes fats, oils, and waxes?
Lipids
Which of the life substance groupings stores information in the form of a code?
Nucleic acids
The role of an enzyme is to ___
Control reactions
Life substances made of chains of amino acids are called ___
Proteins
In a chemical reaction, a reactant binds to an enzyme at a region known as the ___
Active site
An enzyme speeds up a reaction by ___
Lowering the activation energy
A nucleotide is composed of ___
Sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
Name a non-organic compound
Water
Functions of proteins
Structure and to control reactions
Functions of lipids
Energy storage and insulation
Functions of carbohydrates
Structure and energy storage
Functions of nucleic acids
Information storage
What monomer are nucleic acids made up of?
Nucleotides
What monomers are lipids made up of?
Glycerol and fatty acids
What monomer are proteins made up of?
Amino acids
What monomer are carbohydrates made up of?
Monosaccharides
What is the key indication that a chemical reaction has occurred?
A change in energy, because ALL reactions involve energy. They can be endothermic or exothermic reactions
What are the 3 differences between DNA and RNA?
DNA has 2 strands, while RNA has only 1 strand.
DNA contains T, while RNA contains U.
They also have different sugars
What does denaturation do? What 2 things cause denaturation of a compound?
Denaturation completely changes the compound’s structure and keeps it from working
Changes in pH or temperature can cause denaturation
What is the storage form of carbohydrates in animals called?
Glycogen
What form of carbohydrates in animals has a structural role, not an energy role?
Chitin
What is the bond specifically called that joins 2 amino acids together?
Peptide bonds
What is meant when we state that a particular reaction is an exothermic reaction?
The reaction gives off / releases energy
When we either join monomers together to make polymers, or we break polymers apart into their monomers, one chemical compound is always involved. What is this chemical compound?
Water
The primary structural level of proteins deals specifically with what aspect of the protein
The sequence of amino acids
The secondary structural level of proteins is created specifically by what type of chemical bond?
Hydrogen bonds
What is myelin? Where is it found in the human body?
Myelin is a lipid
It’s found in the nerves
Provide a basic diagram of a simple amino acid
H ℗ O \ | // N ------ C -------C / | \ H H OH
What is one way to determine by the name of the compound whether or not it is a sugar?
The ending -ose indicates a sugar (or saccharide)
Ex: Glucose
Steroids and hormones are usually considered as examples of which organic compound grouping?
Lipids
What are the 2 structure form names found in the secondary structure level of proteins?
Alpha (Slinky shaped)
Beta (Up-down zig-zag shape)
What makes the quaternary structure of proteins different from the other 3 structures of proteins?
It has to do with the multiple proteins interacting
Briefly explain how a competitive inhibitor works in controlling enzyme activity. How does it accomplish this control?
The competitive inhibitor is REVERSIBLE. It “competes” with the substrate for the enzyme. It is similar enough to the enzyme that it can bond to and block the enzyme’s active site
What is the general name given to a chemical compound that irreversibly bonds to a protein and thereby inactivates it. In other words, it permanently stops enzyme activity
Metabolic poison
It bonds to the enzyme and “kills” it
It is permanent
There is 1 specific organic compound that was studied in class and it was indicated that without this 1 specific compound, life as we know it could not even exist. What is the name of this specific compound?
Phospholipid
What did Chargaff do?
Found that concentrations of purines and pyrimidines were identical throughout the same DNA strand (A = T and C = G)
What did Watson do?
Helped determine the final double helix structure of DNA
What did Franklin do?
Discovered the general helix structure of DNA
The structure that serves as a boundary between a cell and its external environment is the ___
Cell membrane
The material that fills the cell and contains the organelles is called the ___
Cytoplasm
Cell membranes are constructed mainly of ___
Phospholipid bilayers
Define the term prokaryote. In other words, what makes a prokaryote a prokaryote?
Prokaryotes don’t have membrane-bound organelles
They have no definite nucleus, although they still contain DNA
Bacteria are the only prokaryotes
What are the 3 statements contained in the Cell Theory?
1) All living things are composed of cells
2) The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things
3) Cells only come from pre-existing cells
What scientist named the cell?
Hooke discovered the cell
Name 2 of the 3 problems that we discussed concerning microscopes
1) Magnification
2) Resolution
3) Contrast
What do centrioles do?
Controls cell division
What is a nucleolus?
Site of ribosome construction
What is a chloroplast?
Site of photosynthesis
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
Transport system within the cell
What is the nucleus?
Control center of the cell
What do lysosomes do?
Digests food and recycles worn-out parts
What do vacuoles do?
Store food, water, or waste
What are mitochondria?
Site of energy production for the cell
What does the golgi apparatus do?
Receives, sorts, and packages material for the cell
What are ribosomes?
Site of protein production
Cell division is aided by the function of the ___
Centrioles
The rough ER has ___ attached to it
Ribosomes
The process in which a cell surround and takes in food from its environment is called ___
Phagocytosis
The ___ is a rigid structure that surrounds the plasma membrane of some cells
Cell wall
Which organelle in the cell carries out the function of recycling waste?
Lysosomes
What are the main ideas of the cell theory?
All organisms are composed of cells
The cell is the basic unit of organization of organisms
All cells come from pre-existing cells
All living things are made up of
Cells
A good example of a hypotonic solution would be ___
Tap water
Which organelles have a double membrane
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
___ are organelles in which food molecules are broken down to release energy
Mitochondria
The structure that serves as a boundary between a cell and its external environment is the ___
Cell membrane
The material that fills the cell and contains the organelle is called the ___
Cytoplasm
Cell membranes are constructed mainly of ___
Phospholipid bilayers
Short, hair-like projections of the plasma membrane are called ___
Cilia
The net movement of substances across cell membranes across cell membranes without additional energy is ___
Passive transport
The net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Diffusion
___ convert LIGHT energy into chemical energy and store it in food molecules
Chloroplasts
A ___ solution is a solution in which the concentration of water is higher in the solution than the concentration inside the cell
Hypotonic
What structure is within the nucleus?
Nucleolus
The ___ is a round organelle that contains digestive enzymes
Lysosome
An organelle that packages and ships proteins made by the cell is the ___
Golgi body
___ are long, whip-like projection from the cell membrane
Flagella
The organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell is the ___
Nucleus
What are the 2 requirements for diffusion to be called osmosis?
It must involve water, and it must pass through a semi-permeable membrane
What is the name given to the point at which diffusion stops, but the molecules continue to move?
Dynamic equilibrium
What are the 3 statements contained in the Cell Theory?
1) All living things are composed of cells
2) Cells are the basic unit of structure + function in living things
3) Cells only come from pre-existing cells
Who were the 3 scientists who developed the Cell Theory?
Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow
An animal cell is placed into an unknown solution. It begins to gain weight. What type of solution was the cell placed into?
The solution is hypotonic to the cell
An animal cell is placed into an unknown solution. It begins to gain weight. Where is the water concentration highest - inside or outside of the cell?
The water concentration is highest in the solution, outside of the cell
An animal cell is placed into an unknown solution. It begins to gain weight. What is the scientific term for the end result of the cell in this solution?
Dynamic equilibrium OR lysis.
The cell could reach dynamic equilibrium, but unless the cell reaches dynamic equilibrium before it reaches a certain size, it will explode. This cell rupture is called lysis.
An animal cell is placed into an unknown solution. It does not change. What type of solution was the cell placed into?
The solution must be isotonic, or the cell would have a change in weight
An animal cell is placed into an unknown solution. It does not change. Where is the water concentration highest - inside or outside of the cell?
The water concentration is EQUAL, inside and outside the cell
Discuss the 3 problems of microscopy, making sure to explain the problem and give the solution for each problem.
1) Magnification
We keep finding smaller objects to look at, and we can examine them and learn more about them without being able to see them. We change lenses to solve this issue.
2) Resolution
We don’t want blurry images where you can’t tell what you’re looking at. We use different wavelengths to illuminate the picture to solve this issue.
3) Contrast
You want to be able to locate something, and not have 2 images blend together. We use stains to solve this issue.
Why is it that a single cell when placed into a hypotonic solution will rapidly die, while an organisms such as a saltwater fish can survive for several days in a freshwater stream?
A single cell can’t remain long in a hypotonic solution without undergoing lysis.
A larger organism has pumps and organs that would keep the water out of the cells for a while.
An individual is brought in with severe dehydration. To counteract this, the doctor on call begins to drip distilled water into the veins. This procedure succeeds in making the blood plasma ___-tonic to the blood cells
Hypo
An individual is brought in with severe dehydration. To counteract this, the doctor on call begins to drip distilled water into the veins. As a result of this, the blood cells will begin to do what?
Swell
An individual is brought in with severe dehydration. To counteract this, the doctor on call begins to drip distilled water into the veins. The term used to describe the effect on the cells is ___
Lysis
Side A and side B are separated by a semi-permeable membrane that allows all molecules to pass through. Side A contains 1.5 M sucrose, 1.5 M starch, and 1.5 M glucose. Side B contains 2.5 M sucrose and 1.5 M starch. Side A is ___-tonic to side B.
Hyper
Side A and side B are separated by a semi-permeable membrane that allows all molecules to pass through. Side A contains 1.5 M sucrose, 1.5 M starch, and 1.5 M glucose. Side B contains 2.5 M sucrose and 1.5 M starch. Which side has the lower water concentration?
Side A has a lower water concentration
Side A and side B are separated by a semi-permeable membrane that allows all molecules to pass through. Side A contains 1.5 M sucrose, 1.5 M starch, and 1.5 M glucose. Side B contains 2.5 M sucrose and 1.5 M starch. Once equilibrium is reached, what will have moved, and where?
Sucrose will have diffused from Side B to Side A.
Starch won’t have diffused.
Glucose will have diffused from Side A to Side B.
Water will have diffused from Side B to Side A.
The actual division of the eukaryotic cell occurs in the process called ___
Cytokinesis
The nuclear membrane disappears during ___
Prophase
The stage during which the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell is called ___
Metaphase
In mitosis, the separation of daughter chromatids occurs during ___
Anaphase
Microtubules begin to form a spindle during ___
Prophase
The spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes at the structure called the ___
Centromere
Place the stages of mitosis in the correct order.
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
What happens during the S phase of the cell cycle?
DNA is duplicated
What happens during the G2 phase of the cell cycle?
The cell stockpiles organelles and microtubules
Interphase is actually composed of what phases of the cell cycle?
G1, S, and G2
The actual division of the eukaryotic cell occurs in the process called ___
Cytokinesis
The nuclear membrane disappears during ___
Prophase
In the stage of mitosis called ___, the chromosomes arrive at the opposite end of the cell and the spindle fibers disappear
Telophase
The stage during which the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell is called ___
Metaphase
In mitosis, the separation of daughter chromatids occurs during ___
Anaphase
Microtubules begin to form a spindle during ___
Prophase
The spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes at the structure called the ___
Centromere
As a cell’s volume increases, what happens to the proportional amount of surface area?
It decreases
The cancer drug vinblastin interferes with the synthesis of microtubules. In mitosis this would interfere with what?
Spindle formation
Why have some stem cell researchers experienced roadblocks in their studies?
There are ethical concerns about obtaining stem cells
What describes apoptosis?
A programmed cell death
The rate at which materials enter and leave the cell depends on the cell’s ___
Surface area
In order for a cell to divide successfully, the cell must first ___
Duplicate its genetic information
Sister chromatids are attached to each other at an area called the ___
Centromere
If a cell has 12 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each of its daughter cells have after mitosis and cytokinesis?
12 each
In plant cells, what forms midway between the divided nuclei during cytokinesis?
Cell plate
The control of the process of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells is controlled by a group of closely related proteins known as ___
Cyclins
Bone marrow cells that produce blood cells are best categorized as ___
Adult stem cells
Cell furrow
A furrow that forms in the cell membrane of animal cells during cytokinesis. It tightens between the 2 nuclei to divide the cell
Apoptosis
A programmed cell death or cell suicide
Carcinogen
A chemical compound that causes cancer
Cancer
An abnormal cell mutation that reproduces rapidly and can kill organisms as it takes over an area
Chromatin
The relaxed form of genetic material in the cell
List the stages of the cell cycle in order and explain what happens in each stage.
1) Interphase = the cell grows and prepares for mitosis.
◊ G1 = the cell grows
◊ S = the cell replicates DNA
◊ G2 = the cell reproduces organelles + microtubules and prepares for division
2) Mitosis = nuclear division in the cell
◊ Prophase = chromatin condenses, nuclear membrane breaks down, spindle begins forming
◊ Metaphase = Spindle is fully formed, chromosomes line up on equatorial plane
◊ Anaphase = Spindle fibers shorten, sister chromatids break apart + move towards poles
◊ Telophase = Nuclear membrane reforms, spindle breaks down, chromosomes decondense
3) Cytokinesis = Cleavage furrow/cell plate forms + divides cell into 2 new daughter cells
Know what the different phases of the cell cycle look like
.
Calculate the ratio of surface are to volume of an imaginary cubic cell measuring 4 mm long on each side
3/2
Some cells have several nuclei within their cytoplasm. Considering the events in a typical cell cycle, which phase of the cell cycle is not operating when such cells form?
Cytokinesis
How do cancer cells differ from noncancerous cells? How are they similar?
There are multiple types of cancer cells and multiple types of regular cells. Both also go through the cell cycle. Cancer cells divide too rapidly however, and they can take over and form tumors.
Explain why careful regulation of the cell cycle is important to multicellular organisms
Regulation of the cell cycle is important, because if anything goes wrong, a cancer cell could form. The cancer would take over and kill the organism. Cell cycle regulation can help prevent cancer from ever forming.
How many chromosomes does a gamete have compared with that of a body cell?
Half
When an area of a chromatid that breaks is exchanged with the matching area of a chromatid of its homologous chromosome, it is called ___
Crossing over
Things true of haploid cells
The chromosomes are not paired.
It is represented by the symbol N.
The condition is created by meiosis.
Single chromosomes line up in the center of the cell in ___ of meiosis
Metaphase II
Single chromosomes condense in ___ of meiosis
Prophase II
Chromosome pairs separate in ___ of meiosis
Anaphase I
Chromosome pairs line up in the center of the cell in ___ of meiosis
Metaphase I
Chromosome pairs condense and the membrane of the nucleus disappears in ___ of meiosis
Prophase I
Centromeres separate in ___ of meiosis
Anaphase II
Karyotype
An image of all the chromosomes, sorted into homologous pairs
Fertilization
When 2 sex cells, sperm and egg, come together to produce a zygote
Diploid
A 2n cell that contains pairs of homologous chromosomes
